| 00:00:00 | Those countries flowed freely
into the world diamond market.
|
| 00:00:05 | >> Our estimates are
that 10% to 15%,
possibly even higher,,,
of the world diamond trade
was blood diamonds.
|
| 00:00:14 | >> narrator: TODAY
Blood diamonds mined
IN THE 1990s STILL GRACE
The hands and necks
of unsuspecting customers
who have little clue
,,
>> a conflict diamond doesn't
come with a little tag on it
that says, "conflict diamond.
|
| 00:00:31 | "
it doesn't have
a little sort of, like,
skull and crossbones
nicked in the side.
|
| 00:00:38 | It's just another piece
of rough.
|
| 00:00:40 | >> If you ask anyone
on the street passing by,
"where did you get
your diamond ring,"
they're going to say, "down at
"
they're never going to know,
beyond that, where the diamond
originated.
|
| 00:00:51 | >> narrator: THE MODERN STORY
Of how diamonds are brought
to the market
is inexorably linked
to one company that took
a stone and transformed it into
A MULTIBILLION-DOLLAR INDUSTRY.,,nene (1hs)
..
|
| 00:01:39 | To support energy,immunity,,
and your inner child.
|
| 00:01:44 | ♪♪♪
|
| 00:01:45 | ONE A DAY VitaCraves.
|
| 00:01:46 | ..for grown-ups.
|
| 00:01:56 | ,,HdHd,,,,
ouncer ]
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toothpaste,
you may be missing some
of the protection you need.
|
| 00:03:10 | Crest pro-health
is the only leading toothpaste
to protect against sensitivity
and all these areas
in a single,
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|
| 00:03:17 | New crest pro-health
sensitive shield.
|
| 00:03:21 | ]How
poizner?
|
| 00:03:22 | [ Female Announcer ]POIZNER SUPPORTED AL
Gore
for president.
|
| 00:03:25 | Helped big unionsattack prop 13.
|
| 00:03:27 | Supported higher sales taxes.
|
| 00:03:29 | Supported taxpayerfunded abortion.
|
| 00:03:32 | Supportedpartial-birth abortion.
|
| 00:03:34 | Increased his department'sbudget 14%.
|
| 00:03:37 | Opposed parental notificationfor abortion.
|
| 00:03:40 | Opposed the bush tax cuts.
|
| 00:03:42 | ..
|
| 00:03:43 | [ Male Announcer ]STEVE POIZNER.
|
| 00:03:44 | Liberal on taxes.liberal on spending.
|
| 00:03:46 | Just anotherliberal sacramento politician.
|
| 00:04:21 | Time1hs) - Blood Dia,,
>> narrator: AN EXQUISITELY
Hand-cut and polished diamond
is a creation of elegance
and artistry.
|
| 00:04:58 | ,,
catering to a diamond-hungry
public is a vast
worldwide industry.
|
| 00:05:07 | Botswana, russia,
south africa, and canada
are some of the largest
,,
but diamond mines are located
in more than 20 countries
and yield 20 tons
of gem-quality stones a year.
|
| 00:05:23 | >> This started out
as a 250-karat piece of rough
out of the congo.
|
| 00:05:28 | It was a complicated piece,
came out "d" flawless,
over 100 karats.
|
| 00:05:33 | In today's market, a stone
like this is probably
a $15 million diamond.
|
| 00:05:42 | >> narrator: DIAMONDS START
As mined rough.
|
| 00:05:45 | Artisans then cut
and polish stones
into precious gems.
|
| 00:05:50 | >> Working on big diamonds
like that
is very nerve-wracking.
|
| 00:05:53 | >> narrator: IT'S
A high-stakes game,
the truealalue of each stone
unknown until it reaches
the polisher's wheel.
|
| 00:06:01 | >> This one I'm working on
over here will be an oval,,
or a pear shape.
|
| 00:06:06 | Started off 20 karats,
and it'll finish around about 7.
|
| 00:06:12 | >> narrator: NOWHERE
Is the diamond business
more profitable
than in the united states,
where half of the world's
diamond supply is sold.
|
| 00:06:21 | Worldwide, the diamond retail
business rakes in
more than $60 billion a year.
|
| 00:06:27 | >> Try this.
|
| 00:06:28 | Just beautiful necklace.
|
| 00:06:30 | >> narrator: OUR LOVE AFFAIR
With diamonds began
2,500 years ago.
|
| 00:06:34 | Throughout most of history,
diamonds were
the exclusive property
of royals, aristocrats,
and the very rich.
|
| 00:06:42 | Few others could afford them.
|
| 00:06:45 | Diamond discoveries
were rare, scattered deposits
,,
the true source of the gems
remained unknown
until the 19th century.
|
| 00:06:56 | >> The modern diamond business
originated in africa.
|
| 00:07:00 | It originated with the big
19th-CENTURY AFRICAN
Diamond discovery.
|
| 00:07:05 | >> narrator: IN 1869,
kakarat diamond
was discovered
near the orange river
in south africa.
|
| 00:07:13 | An unparalleled
diamond rush followed.
|
| 00:07:17 | As prospectors arrived
by the thousands,
the mining town of kimberley
,,
it was home to the region's
biggest diamond find.
|
| 00:07:29 | >> The main significance
of the kimberley mine
is that it's the first time
that people identified
the true diamond source.
|
| 00:07:37 | >> narrator: THE SOURCE
Of diamonds is a subterranean
volcanic pipe named after
the mining town
where it was first discovered.
|
| 00:07:44 | >> Diamonds are created
in the upper mantle.
|
| 00:07:47 | They're transported
from this 100-mile-deep part
of the upper mantle
to the surface
in a kind of volcano called
a kimberlite pipe.
|
| 00:07:57 | Under exactly
the right conditions--
a fairly rapid ascent
with exactly steady conditions
of pressure and temperature--
that little volcano,
that kimberlite pipe,
will deliver to the surface
,,
>> narrator: KIMBERLEY MARKED
The first discovery of
actual diamond-producing pipes.
|
| 00:08:17 | Suddenly, large-scale
industrial mining
became feasible.
|
| 00:08:22 | The largest of the kimberlite
pipes was found on land owned
,,
>> well, the original
de beers brothers
were just farmers.
|
| 00:08:34 | Diamonds were discovered
on their land.
|
| 00:08:36 | A syndicate was formed
and bought them out.
|
| 00:08:39 | >> narrator: THE PRICE PAID
For the brothers' land:
£6,300.
|
| 00:08:44 | >> Which they, no doubt,
thought of as a stupefying sum
at the time and probably got
into their wagons and rode off
down the dusty road,
thinking what a wonderful deal
they'd done.
|
| 00:08:58 | >> narrator: IN RETROSPECT,
,,
the de beers brothers' farm
would eventually produce
14.5 million karats of diamonds.
|
| 00:09:08 | In its infancy,
the diamond business was
a disorganized assortment
of small companies
and individuals staking claims
,,
few possessed the foresight
of british entrepreneur
cecil rhodes.
|
| 00:09:21 | >> His vision was to create
a titanic empire in which
he would control not just
the diamonds in his claim
but the diamonds
in the next claim next door
and the one beyond that
and the one beyond that.
|
| 00:09:31 | >> narrator: RHODES REALIZED,,
The threat of an unrestrained
diamond business.
|
| 00:09:36 | >> Once diamonds started coming
on-line as much as they did
IN THE LAT181800s,
It was clear to him
that the price of diamonds
was going to crash
if all of the diamonds
ever discovered
were put on market.
|
| 00:09:49 | >> narrator: RHODES BELIEVED
This could be curtailed
by a strictly controlled
worldwide monopoly.
|
| 00:09:55 | For almost a decade,
he gobbled up competitors.
|
| 00:09:59 | In 1888, he founded de beers
consolidated mines,
named after the brothers,,
on whose land
diamonds were discovered.
|
| 00:10:07 | >> And by the age of 35 in 1888,
he controlled 90%
of the world production
of diamonds.
|
| 00:10:15 | The monopoly was charged
with hoarding the diamonds
and controlling the supply
,,
>> we have an idea
that diamonds are rare,
but they're not.
|
| 00:10:26 | What created the value
in diamonds is withholding
the supply, making sure
that the supply is regulated
and there's never a flood
of diamonds on the market.
|
| 00:10:34 | That's one thing
that de beers did
,,
>> narrator: AS DECADES PASSED,
Demand grew, in part due
to de beers' brilliant
marketing.
|
| 00:10:48 | In 1948, under the direction
of chairman ernest oppenheimer,
de beers launched one of
the most powerful
advertising campaigns
in history.
|
| 00:10:58 | [Jenkins'Palladio]
♪ ♪,,
the words were simple
but convincing.
|
| 00:11:17 | >> His genius was in coming up
with the advertising campaign
that made a diamond synonymous
with human love and,,,
in particular,
the rite of marriage
and engagement,
because he rightly concluded
that he could get people
to pay quite a bit of their--
percentage of their income
to buy a diamond in order
,,
>> narrator: DE BEERS MANAGED
Its monopoly through the
central selling organization,
since renamed
the diamond trading company.
|
| 00:11:52 | beep!
|
| 00:11:55 | Its london headquarters became
the end destination
for every diamond
de beers mined or bought
on the open market.
|
| 00:12:03 | Even today, the company's rough
is still sorted, valued,
mixed, stockpiled, and sold
here.
|
| 00:12:10 | >> De beers sells its diamonds
in london ten times a year,,
at a sale called a sight,
'cause it's the first sight
you get of the diamonds.
|
| 00:12:18 | >> To this day,
people can't believe
you send the money first,
and then you get your product.
|
| 00:12:23 | But I guess that reiterates
the importance of supply.
|
| 00:12:29 | If you have the goods,
,,
if you own the mines,
if you own the product,
you're the boss.
|
| 00:12:35 | >> De beers tells them
pretty much
what the price is going to be,
and that's the end of it.
|
| 00:12:40 | You can either pay the price
and go home with the goods
or refuse to pay the price,
and you'll probably never be,,
invited to another sight again.
|
| 00:12:48 | >> narrator: FOR CLOSE
To a century, de beers
controlled approximately 90%
of the world's rough diamonds.
|
| 00:12:54 | But its business model
had drawbacks.
|
| 00:12:57 | >> There was a thought
in de beers
or a policy in de beers
UNTIL THE LATE 1990s
That the company really had
to control most of the diamonds
that were produced in the world.
|
| 00:13:08 | And that meant mopping up
supplies of diamonds,
no matter where they were
produced, no matter how
,,
>> narrator: IN THE 1990s,
Some were smuggled
into the market
from countries afflicted
by brutal civil wars.
|
| 00:13:25 | And when diamonds became linked
to death and destruction,
an entire industry
would come under fire.
|
| 00:13:32 | >> Until about 1999, de beers
and the diamond industry,,
were in a state of denial
ON ALL OF THIS.HdHd,,I HAD A HEART PROBLEM.
|
| 00:14:11 | I was told to begin my aspirin regimen.
|
| 00:14:12 | I just didn't listen until I almost lost
my life.
|
| 00:14:14 | ,,
my doctor's again ordered meto take aspirin.
|
| 00:14:18 | And I do.
|
| 00:14:18 | [ Male Announcer ] BE SURE TO TALK TO YOUR
Doctor
before you begin an aspirin regimen.
|
| 00:14:21 | [ Mike ] LISTEN TO THE DOCTOR.
|
| 00:14:23 | Take it seriously.
|
| 00:14:47 | ,,,,,,,,,,
>> narrator: APPROXIMATELY 60%
Of the world's rough diamonds
come from africa.
|
| 00:17:27 | Botswana and south africa
are rich in underground,,
kimberlite pipes,
making large-scale
industrial mining possible,
profitable, and easily
controllable.
|
| 00:17:38 | >> If you find one of them,
you can just put a fence
around it, dig straight down
like a root canal job,
and haul up the gravel
,,
>> narrator: DIAMOND REVENUES
In these countries have
helped build infrastructures
and national economies.
|
| 00:17:52 | But diamonds in many other
african countries are spread out
like pebbles across thousands
of square miles.
|
| 00:18:00 | Through erosion, rivers have
transported these rough diamonds
for millennia.
|
| 00:18:05 | Mostly mined by individuals,
alluvial deposits have brought
little national benefit.
|
| 00:18:11 | >> You don't need
big companies.
|
| 00:18:12 | You don't need big equipment.
|
| 00:18:14 | They're easy to get at.
|
| 00:18:15 | And they're easy to get at
for rebel armies.
|
| 00:18:18 | >> narrator: ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS
Are prevalent in sierra leone,
the democratic republic of the
congo, and angola,
the country where
conflict diamonds first came
to the world's attention.
|
| 00:18:30 | >> It's got everything.
|
| 00:18:30 | Offshore oil.
|
| 00:18:31 | It's got diamonds.
|
| 00:18:32 | ,,
and it's just a sad, dismal tale
of human greed and of
the most revolting conditions
of exploitation.
|
| 00:18:45 | [artillery firing],,
>> narrator: FOR MORE THAN TWO
Decades, angola suffered through
a seemingly endless civil war.
|
| 00:19:00 | It began in 1975
when colonial power portugal
,,
the soviet-backed mpla,
the popular movement
for the liberation of angola,
controlled the government
from the capital of luanda.
|
| 00:19:15 | A rival rebel army
called unita, the national
union for the total
independence of angola,
was led by jonas savimbi
and supported by
the united states.
|
| 00:19:28 | After the cold war ended,
superpower aid dwindled
and left both sides stripped
of cash and arms.
|
| 00:19:36 | But angola had natural resources,,
for the taking.
|
| 00:19:40 | The government relied on oil.
|
| 00:19:43 | Unita turned to diamonds.
|
| 00:19:46 | >> AT THE BEGINNING OF THE '90s,
They needed money for arms,
and so they strategically
decided to take over
the diamond mine
in northern angola.
|
| 00:19:54 | >> narrator: IN 1992,,,
Unita rebels seized
60% to 70% of angola's
diamond mines.
|
| 00:20:01 | >> The war was funded,
in one part, by the sale
of diamonds extracted
by people often in conditions
of enslavement.
|
| 00:20:10 | >> narrator: DIAMOND REVENUE,,
Bankrolled unita's war machine.
|
| 00:20:14 | [gunfire]
Fierce battles were waged
between the rebels
and government forces.
|
| 00:20:20 | Civilians were often caught
in the cross fire.
|
| 00:20:24 | >> Close to a million people
lost their lives
in the conflict in angola
unnecessarily.
|
| 00:20:29 | >> narrator: THE WAR SPAEDED
An investigation
by global witness,
a small, london-based,
nongovernmental organization
that focuses on the links
between human rights abuse
and environmental exploitation.
|
| 00:20:41 | >> Angolan diamonds are some of
,,
80% of angola's diamonds
are gem quality.
|
| 00:20:46 | These are the diamonds
that everybody wants,
and that was one of the main
problems for angola
and one of the blessings
for unita.
|
| 00:20:56 | >> narrator: UNITA HAD
Little trouble finding buyers
,,
>> unita had a very
sophisticated sales system
in place.
|
| 00:21:04 | Diamond dealers from all over
the diamond-dealing world
would come to unita.
|
| 00:21:09 | They would even form
joint mining partnerships.
|
| 00:21:12 | Those diamonds went straight
into the market in antwerp,,,
and they got an enormous amount
of money for them.
|
| 00:21:18 | 7 Billion worth of diamonds
from angola went through
UNITA'S HANDS DURING THE 1990s.
|
| 00:21:26 | >> narrator: NOT ALL
Transactions involved cash.
|
| 00:21:30 | Arms dealers peddled
old weapon stockpiles
from bulgaria and other
east european countries.
|
| 00:21:37 | >> Arms dealers would fly in
and would directly negotiate
arms for diamonds.
|
| 00:21:41 | They would bring
their diamond evaluator
with them, and there would be
no cash.
|
| 00:21:44 | This was simply
,,
>> somebody would fly a tank
down to angola
in a russian il-76,
land it on a little
bush strip that couldn't be
picked up by satellite
at night.
|
| 00:22:01 | Down goes the back.
|
| 00:22:02 | Up into the light goes
a guy with a sack of diamonds,,
representing jonas savimbi.
|
| 00:22:08 | Some little guy sits down
with a table, paws through
the sample, decides
what they're worth.
|
| 00:22:12 | Off goes the tank.
|
| 00:22:15 | >> It's the ak-47
that was prevalent in angola
and many of the conflicts,,
in africa but also
sophisticated weaponry systems.
|
| 00:22:23 | At one stage,
UNITA EVEN HAD MiG PLANES.
|
| 00:22:25 | And all these were, you know,
funded partially by diamonds.
|
| 00:22:31 | >> narrator: DESPITE A 1994
-brokered peace agreement
that promised
a national unity government,
hostilities continued.
|
| 00:22:41 | Then in 1998,
security council
imposed sanctions banning
the export and trade of diamonds
not certified by its government.
|
| 00:22:51 | ,,
there was no attempt
to implement it.
|
| 00:22:55 | Even the angolan government
who was war with unita
accepted diamonds
from unita areas
and exported them as their own.
|
| 00:23:02 | >> narrator: AT THE END
Of 1998, global witness
released the findings
of its conflict diamond
investigation in an expose,,
entitleda rough trade.
|
| 00:23:13 | >> The reaction
that global witness received
from the publication
of our report in '98
was explosive.
|
| 00:23:19 | Nobody understood
what was really happening,
the impact of these diamonds,
being sold so openly,
so easily in exchange
for millions of dollars.
|
| 00:23:28 | Really, for us, it was horrific
that consumers were basically
funding the war in angola,
and we felt that was
unacceptable.
|
| 00:23:36 | >> narrator: A STINGING
Indictment of the
diamond industry,
the report's greatest criticism
was leveled at industry giant
de beers.
|
| 00:23:44 | >> De beers was very prominent
in buying angolan diamonds
and also diamonds that came
from unita.
|
| 00:23:51 | >> narrator: AS PROOF,
Global witness cited de beers'
annual reports.
|
| 00:23:56 | >> From 1992 to 1997,
in every annual report,
they talked about their outside
buying power, how strong
they were on the market
to buy up these diamonds
that were flooding
onto the market
that would have threatened
the price stability
of the diamond trade.
|
| 00:24:11 | >> narrator: DE BEERS DEFENDS
,,
>> well, first of all, de beers,
to make it absolutely clear,
has never bought
conflict diamonds.
|
| 00:24:18 | DURING THE '90s, WE WERE WORKING
In partnership
with the official government
in luanda, purchasing diamonds,
exporting, paying revenues,
,,
>> narrator: THEY DISPUTE
The definition of "conflict"
tied to diamonds purchased
before 1998.
|
| 00:24:35 | >> So up until the point
of sanctions being imposed,
there was, by definition,
no conflict diamonds
in that country.
|
| 00:24:42 | >> The diamond industry likes
to think that conflict diamonds
only started in 1999,
when, in fact, it was going
on way before that.
|
| 00:24:48 | >> Prior to the imposition
of sanctions, everybody
in the world was still
very hopeful that
the unita rebels would engage
in a lasting, sustainable peace.
|
| 00:24:59 | Unfortunately, in retrospect,,,
we can see that that hope
was in vain.
|
| 00:25:04 | And when it was recognized
that the rebels in angola
were no longer going
to participate
in any significant way
in building peace
in that country,
the united nations imposed
sanctions, and de beers
immediately, swiftly,,,
and effectively started working
with the united nations
to ensure that those sanctions
were fully implemented.
|
| 00:25:25 | >> narrator: IN OCTOBER 1999,
De beers announced plans
to close its angolan
,,
to those personally affected
by the war, the definition
of a conflict diamond
matters little.
|
| 00:25:41 | >> The human cost
for conflict diamonds
in angola, in particular,
is very plain to see.
|
| 00:25:47 | You only have to look
at the amputees walking
in luanda.
|
| 00:25:51 | Angola was one of the most
heavily land mined countries
in the world and still is,
and people are still losing
,,
>> narrator: THE KNOWLEDGE
That diamonds were funding
the loss of life and limb
in angola did little
to stop the carnage.
|
| 00:26:15 | And when another african nation
descended into chaos,
diamonds would once again
be linked to a human tragedy
of historic proportions.
|
| 00:26:24 | >> They would go into towns.
|
| 00:26:25 | They would drag people
out of their houses.
|
| 00:26:27 | ♪ we'll begin with
a spin ♪
|
| 00:26:50 | ♪ traveling in the world of my creation ♪
|
| 00:26:54 | ♪ what we'll see will defy ♪
|
| 00:26:55 | ,,
♪ explanation ♪
|
| 00:27:01 | [ Male Announcer ] REMEMBER WHEN YOU WERE
Five
and anything was possible.
|
| 00:27:06 | ♪ ♪
|
| 00:27:07 | happy 5th birthday again.
|
| 00:27:09 | ♪ Come with me and you'll be ♪
|
| 00:27:12 | ♪ in a worldof pure imagination ♪
|
| 00:27:15 | yyvv/w/w,,
♪ Oh lolli lolli lolli ♪
|
| 00:28:05 | ,,
♪ lollipop ♪
|
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| 00:28:08 | [ Female Announcer ] TREAT YOURSELF
To the new thin and light dell inspiron 1564
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| 00:28:11 | ,,
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| 00:28:34 | Are you readyfor the proglide challenge?
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| 00:28:36 | John cena.
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| 00:28:41 | He is ready! ready!
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| 00:28:42 | [ Male Announcer ] TAKETHE FUSION PROGLIDE
,,
M Mhine 4 (1hs) - Blood Dia
,,
>> narrator: SCATTERED
Throughout eastern and southern
sierra leone are hundreds
of square miles of soil,
abundant in rough diamonds.
|
| 00:30:35 | >> The real underlying problem
where conflict diamonds were
concerned is the uncontrolled
nature of diamond digging
in countries where you have
alluvial diamonds.
|
| 00:30:45 | >> narrator: EASILY ACCESSIBLE
To opportunists,
corrupt governments,
and rebel armies,
diamonds have colored much
of sierra leone's past
and nearly destroyed
a proud nation founded
,,
in 1462, a portuguese explorer
came upon a stunning stretch
of africa's western coast
crowned by steep hills.
|
| 00:31:15 | >> He said they looked
like a crouching lion,
and so he gave the name
,,
over the years, that name
has been changed
to what we know it today as
sierra leone.
|
| 00:31:26 | >> narrator: SIERRA LEONE PLAYED
A leading role in the thriving
18th-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE.
|
| 00:31:32 | It was from here that the famed
slaves of theamistadrevolt
,,
conversely, the country also
attracted the attention
of british abolitionists.
|
| 00:31:43 | They helped bring freed slaves
from the united states,
great britain, and canada
to sierra leone.
|
| 00:31:50 | The liberated slaves
were settled in a coastal town
called the province of freedom,
later renamed freetown,
the capital of sierra leone.
|
| 00:32:01 | >> A lot of ex-slaves
were brought here, and these
mixed with the local population.
|
| 00:32:06 | And it was quite
a vibrant place.
|
| 00:32:07 | Over time, there was a lot,,
of intermingling
among these settlers,
which gave rise
to a totally new culture
in west africa
known as the krio culture.
|
| 00:32:17 | >> narrator: AS A BRITISH
Colony, freetown became
a center of education
and progressive ideas.
|
| 00:32:24 | The rest of the country
remained mostly undeveloped
until 1930, when diamonds were
discovered.
|
| 00:32:31 | >> And since then,
diamonds have continued to play
a very big role in our economy.
|
| 00:32:37 | >> narrator: A SINGLE COMPANY,
The sierra leone selection
trust, the slst, was issued,,
exclusive mining rights.
|
| 00:32:46 | Quickly, an illicit network
of diamond miners
and smugglers developed.
|
| 00:32:51 | Contraband rough
was secretly carried
into liberia and guinea.
|
| 00:32:57 | >> Monrovia, liberia, became
a bit of a boomtown
as diamond purchasers
from european houses realized
the wealth of cheap diamonds
that were available in monrovia.
|
| 00:33:09 | >> narrator: IN THE EARLY 1950s,
New diamond deposits
were discovered.
|
| 00:33:14 | >> In 1955, there was this great
diamond rush where everybody
went to the diamond mines
in search of quick wealth.
|
| 00:33:21 | So the monopoly
that slst had was threatened.
|
| 00:33:25 | >> When I lived there
IN THE '60s,
The sierra leone selection trust
,,
they had two helicopters,
and they had trucks.
|
| 00:33:34 | And their whole business
was to round up illicit diggers.
|
| 00:33:38 | >> narrator: DESPITE WIDESPREAD
Smuggling, sierra leone
officially exported
a lucrative 2 million karats
,,
the revenue was critical
after great britain ended
its colonial rule.
|
| 00:33:52 | >> When sierra leone got
independence in 1961,
the prospects looked
pretty good.
|
| 00:33:56 | It had a fairly good
infrastructure.
|
| 00:33:58 | There was a railroad.
|
| 00:33:59 | There was a network of highways.
|
| 00:34:00 | There were schools.
|
| 00:34:01 | There was a university.
|
| 00:34:03 | But many of the institutions
were very, very fragile.
|
| 00:34:08 | >> narrator: SIERRA LEONE'S
Decline began in 1967
when siaka stevens became
prime minister.
|
| 00:34:15 | >> He, over time, embarked,
on a highly centralized
one-party form of government
which adversely affected
the living standards
of the people.
|
| 00:34:26 | Important institutions
in this country--
like the military, the police--
were all corrupted
,,
>> narrator: THE GOVERNMENT
Claimed 51% of the sierra leone
selection trust's shares.
|
| 00:34:42 | >> Gradually, the diamond
industry was nationalized.
|
| 00:34:45 | The government brought in
all kinds of shady characters.
|
| 00:34:48 | ,,
there were just
an incredible range of
very, very bad people involved
in the diamond business.
|
| 00:34:56 | Official diamond exports went
from, you know,
$200 million, $300 million
a year down to almost nothing.
|
| 00:35:04 | >> narrator: OVER THE NEXT
Two decades, funding
for social services evaporated.
|
| 00:35:10 | Education, health care,
and infrastructure collapsed.
|
| 00:35:13 | The press and social dissent
were restricted.
|
| 00:35:17 | >> Pretty soon, you had
a state in free-fall.
|
| 00:35:21 | A lot of young students,,,
university students
were radicalized
during this time
and by this experience.
|
| 00:35:27 | And they formed a kind of
an opposition that fed
into the early days
of the rebel movement
that started up
IN THE EARLY '90s.
|
| 00:35:35 | >> narrator: ONE OF
The rebel leaders
was former army corporal
,,
>> narrator: SANKOH ALLIED
Himself with a vicious rebel
just across sierra leone's
border.
|
| 00:36:14 | >> We will fight street
to street, house to house,
and we'll defeat them.
|
| 00:36:18 | >> Charles taylor from liberia
had a big plan to create
greater liberia.
|
| 00:36:23 | And that really involved
attacking sierra leone.
|
| 00:36:26 | But also, he had,,
a strategic need to take over
the diamond fields
in sierra leone to pay
for his own war and to pay
for the war in sierra leone.
|
| 00:36:34 | >> No master!
|
| 00:36:35 | >> all: NO SLAVE.
|
| 00:36:36 | >> No slave!
|
| 00:36:37 | Nothing.
|
| 00:36:38 | You have to do it
for yourself.
|
| 00:36:40 | >> narrator: TOGETHER,
Taylor and sankoh gave birth
to the nascent sierra leonean
,
the revolutionary united front.
|
| 00:36:50 | [all chanting]
>> Charles taylor promised them
that after his own war,
he's going to help them
to create a revolution
,,
>> narrator: IN 1989,
Taylor and his followers
launched a civil war in liberia.
|
| 00:37:06 | Sankoh set up a base
in western liberia
along sierra leone's border.
|
| 00:37:12 | From there, he began to recruit
and train his army.
|
| 00:37:16 | Sankoh's foot soldiers
were mostly uneducated
and easily indoctrinated.
|
| 00:37:22 | >> There was a lot of poverty,
and there were a lot
of disaffected young men
who were very easily picked up
by foday sankoh.
|
| 00:37:29 | It wasn't too hard
,,
>> narrator: IN MARCH OF 1991,
The r.u.f. invaded sierra leone.
|
| 00:37:37 | [percussive music]
[gunfire]
>> Many people believed
actually had
a genuine cause, a grievance
,,
the so-called legitimate
government of sierra leone
squandered the diamond revenues.
|
| 00:37:52 | They stole the money
that should have gone
for development.
|
| 00:37:55 | No money was going back
to build schools or hospitals.
|
| 00:37:58 | The infrastructure
in sierra leone was atrocious.
|
| 00:38:01 | >> narrator: JUST A YEAR AFTER
invasion,
a military junta staged
a successful coup.
|
| 00:38:07 | [people singing]
It would be one of three
governments to combat the r.u.f.
|
| 00:38:13 | Over the course of the war.
|
| 00:38:15 | But to sankoh,
it mattered little who sat
in the presidential palace.
|
| 00:38:25 | >> narrator: THE R.U.F. SWEPT
Uncontested into lucrative
diamond districts in the east.
|
| 00:38:31 | Sankoh's rebel army brutalized
,,
>> [speaking in native language]
>> female translator: I WAS
Picking guava from a tree
when I saw them.
|
| 00:38:47 | Some wearing red.
|
| 00:38:48 | Some had red ribbons.
|
| 00:38:50 | ,,
they asked me why
I was frightened.
|
| 00:38:56 | They literally fell on me
and sexually assaulted me.
|
| 00:39:01 | >> narrator: R.U.F. SOLDIERS
Gave themselves
gruesome nicknames
such as "bloodmaster,"
"wicked to women,"
"
>> [speaking in native language]
>> male translator: THEY
Surrounded the village
and captured about 55 of us.
|
| 00:39:22 | They put us together
and then called upon a boy
"
they decided to sacrifice
someone.
|
| 00:39:31 | They brought a lady
from the limba ethnic group,
and she was killed.
|
| 00:39:37 | >> narrator: ILLUSIONS OF
as liberating heroes,,
were soon dispelled.
|
| 00:39:43 | Terrified citizens
fled villages and towns.
|
| 00:39:46 | By november 1993,
more than 370,000 had been
displaced.
|
| 00:39:53 | had achieved
one of its objectives:
To drive away much of
the population from
sierra leone's diamond fields.
|
| 00:40:09 | >> narrator: IN THE COMING
Years, diamond resources
would fund a campaign,,
of unparalleled terror,
and diamond mines
would be transformed
into forced labor camps.
|
| 00:40:19 | >> Many of the people working
in the diamond fields
WERE WORKING AT GUNPOINT.hihi 4 (1hs) - Blood
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| 00:43:28 | ,,memeachine 4 (1hs) - Blood Dia,,
>> narrator: BEFORE THE START
Of the rebel war, usman conteh
was a typical sierra leonean
teenager.
|
| 00:44:33 | But when he was just 17,
usman was abducted
raid
,,
>> [speaking native language]
>> male translator: WE WERE
In a motorcar, in a truck,
more than 100 of us.
|
| 00:44:52 | I thought that since
we had been captured,
they were going to kill us.
|
| 00:44:59 | They brought us here to suffer.
|
| 00:45:02 | They told us to mine.
|
| 00:45:06 | >> narrator: DIAMOND FIELDS
Were turned into
-controlled
forced labor camps
staffed by thousands,,
of captured civilians.
|
| 00:45:15 | >> It was day and night,
day and night.
|
| 00:45:20 | They would kill us
if you tried to rest.
|
| 00:45:26 | You'd have to go
to the toilet right there,,,
where we worked.
|
| 00:45:32 | >> Physical exhaustion
was very commonplace.
|
| 00:45:37 | In fact, it was a tactic
to wear out
the miners so that
they wouldn't be inclined
,
>> there wasn't enough food.
|
| 00:45:49 | They gave usgari.
|
| 00:45:51 | We were slaves.
|
| 00:45:56 | If you decided to leave
to find something to eat
and you were caught,
you would be killed.
|
| 00:46:03 | >> narrator: REBELS HOVERED
Over each captive,
,,
>> sometime when we were
working, someone took a diamond
,
they asked him for it,
but he denied taking it.
|
| 00:46:37 | So he was interrogated,
and when he insisted
not taking it,
he was shot and killed.
|
| 00:46:45 | He would now have to give it
,,
>> narrator: OFF THE SWEAT
Of enslaved miners like usman,
rough diamonds poured in
from the fields and were
whisked out of the country
along smuggling routes
established decades before.
|
| 00:47:03 | >> They would be taken
by trusted couriers
and would go by land, by foot,
across the border
d d would go to monrovia.
|
| 00:47:12 | >> narrator: LOCKED
In his own civil war,
liberian warlord charles taylor
helped facilitate
the illicit flow
,,
>> he supported the
revolutionary united front
in sierra leone.
|
| 00:47:25 | He supported them because it was
a way of destabilizing
strong elements in the region.
|
| 00:47:30 | And it was also a way
of paying for his war.
|
| 00:47:33 | >> narrator: R.U.F.-MINED
Diamonds simultaneously funded
two rebel war machines:
One in liberia,
,,
long-barreled rifles,
surface-to-air missiles,
helicopters, helicopter parts.
|
| 00:48:02 | Ammunition was often delivered
in million-block orders.
|
| 00:48:07 | >> narrator: R.U.F. CONTROL
Of sierra leone's diamonds
served another
strategic purpose.
|
| 00:48:21 | >> narrator: LITTLE
Of the dwindling state revenue
went to the military.
|
| 00:48:26 | Many disgruntled soldiers turned
against the government.
|
| 00:48:30 | >> The soldiers were not really
able to effectively prosecute
the war.
|
| 00:48:33 | And a lot of them became
sobels--that is,
soldier come rebels.
|
| 00:48:39 | And so that's complicated
the whole situation
in the war front.
|
| 00:48:44 | >> The soldiers were joining
forces with the rebels
and were attacking towns,
were raping women,
were killing people.
|
| 00:48:50 | >> Stop!
|
| 00:48:51 | >> Stop!
|
| 00:48:51 | >> narrator: WITH NO ONE
To protect civilians,
in 1992, a warrior sect
of the sierra leone mende tribe
known as the kamajors
took up arms against the r.u.f.
|
| 00:49:04 | >> That was the reason why
we had civilililitia:
Because people were complaining
that their houses, their
villages were being razed
by military men,
not even rebels.
|
| 00:49:22 | >> narrator: AS ANARCHY REIGNED,
Children became emblematic
,,
many were killed.
|
| 00:49:33 | Others did the killing.
|
| 00:49:35 | >> I think the number
of child soldiers,
from our estimates,
was something like 20,000,
which was quite high.
|
| 00:49:41 | The age range was something
like 7 years to 12 years,,,
which is quite young.
|
| 00:49:49 | And most of these child soldiers
were very, very aggressive.
|
| 00:49:53 | >> narrator: TO PROVOKE
Violent behavior,
forced drugs
,,
the majority of indentured
children were boys,
but girls were also targeted.
|
| 00:50:07 | They served as cooks,
sex slaves, and soldiers.
|
| 00:50:12 | >> [speaking in native language]
>> female translator: THEY
Took me away, and I was
sexually abused.
|
| 00:50:17 | They gave me a gun,
but I didn't know how to use it,
so I just held onto it.
|
| 00:50:24 | >> narrator: LOVETTE FREEMAN
Was 14 when she was abducted
by the r.u.f.
|
| 00:50:30 | >> I did what they wanted me
to do, because if I refused,,,
they would threaten me
with a knife.
|
| 00:50:39 | I did bad things.
|
| 00:50:42 | We went to a house to loot,
and I was in front.
|
| 00:50:47 | They all waited in the back
while I knocked on the door.
|
| 00:50:50 | A woman opened the door,,,
and I pointed the gun at her.
|
| 00:50:55 | She staggered back,
and we entered the house.
|
| 00:50:58 | I took the woman's baby
from the house
and took her away with me.
|
| 00:51:03 | ,,
she later died, and I felt
so sorry for that baby.
|
| 00:51:14 | >> narrator: CHILDREN
Were often required
to terrorize their own families.
|
| 00:51:20 | >> They would abduct
young boys and girls,
force them to kill
their own people.
|
| 00:51:27 | And after that, they would say,
"
and then they would use
these little boys
as front soldiers
,,
>> there were platoons' worth
of child soldiers who knew,
really, no parent figures
except for those who were
their commanders in their units.
|
| 00:51:50 | >> narrator: BY THE END OF 1994,
Much of sierra leone had
,,
,
sierra leone's ineffectual
government hired a south african
mercenary company
called executive outcomes
to restore order.
|
| 00:52:08 | The soldiers for hire
,,
>> executive outcomes had
an effective airpower,
which they used
to their advantage
in the diamond area.
|
| 00:52:20 | They had one big aim:
To clear those areas of rebels,
because their whole pay
depended on that.
|
| 00:52:28 | >> narrator: EXECUTIVE OUTCOMES
Quickly accomplished
what no one else
in sierra leone could.
|
| 00:52:34 | In just one month,
out of
most of the diamond-rich east.
|
| 00:52:40 | A resulting peace,
albeit tenuous, allowed,,
for elections in 1996.
|
| 00:52:46 | refused
to participate.
|
| 00:52:51 | Former united nations official
ahmad tejan kabbah
was elected president.
|
| 00:52:57 | >> Ahmad tejan kabbah campaigned
in a very simple way.
|
| 00:53:00 | They would help end the war
and return this country
to normalcy.
|
| 00:53:04 | >> Enough is enough.
|
| 00:53:05 | We should really try and stop
the decline of our country.
|
| 00:53:10 | >> narrator: THE NEW PRESIDENT
Iniated negotiations
,,
but hopes for peace
quickly dimmed.
|
| 00:53:20 | ,
kabbah terminated the contract
of executive outcomes.
|
| 00:53:25 | With no effective military force
to stop them,
the r.u.f. relaunched its war.
|
| 00:53:31 | said
that it was fighting
against military rule,
and they were for democracy,
and they wanted peace
and development,
but when the military government
left power and there was
an elected government,
,,
>> narrator: TO PUNISH THOSE
would soon
EXACT HORRIFIC RETRIBUTION.,, M Mhine 4 (1hs)
- Blood Dia,,,,,,,,,,,,
>> narrator: IN 1996,
The war in sierra leone
,,
illicit diamonds had helped
sustain a conflict
that might have otherwise
ended quickly.
|
| 00:58:04 | >> The amount of money
made
from the diamonds
in sierra leone is between
$50 million to $125 million per
annum during the time period
that they had control
over the diamond fields.
|
| 00:58:15 | >> narrator: WITH REBELS
Well armed and funded,
the war's remaining years
would be marked
brutality
that defied comprehension.
|
| 00:58:28 | In response to the 1996 election
of president tejan kabbah,
amputation became
a rebel tactic
of intimidation and revenge.
|
| 00:58:40 | [woman speaking native language]
>> female translator: THEY
Called us bastards
,,
they said, "today will be
the last day you meddle
"
they ordered me to stretch
my hand.
|
| 00:58:55 | I pleaded with them
in the name of god.
|
| 00:58:57 | I told them, "right now,
I have my children.
|
| 00:59:01 | My husband is unemployed.
|
| 00:59:02 | And I am the head
"
they mocked me, saying,
"stretch your hand
"
>> residents were often asked,
"would you like to have
short sleeves or long sleeves,"
which was code for, "do you want
your hand chopped off
"
>> narrator: IN 1997,
Kumba mbindie, her husband,
and young son fled
attacked
their hometown near kono.
|
| 00:59:33 | >> [speaking in native language]
>> female translator: WE LEFT
There and moved to tumbudu.
|
| 00:59:39 | When we got there,
they were still chasing us,
so we stayed in the woods.
|
| 00:59:45 | At that time, I was
four months pregnant.
|
| 00:59:48 | >> narrator: THE R.U.F. CAPTURED
,,
kumba's husband was dragged
into the jungle.
|
| 00:59:57 | Three rebels accosted kumba.
|
| 01:00:02 | >> I pleaded with him,
but he started undressing me.
|
| 01:00:05 | ,,
I continued to plead
that I was pregnant,
but he responded by saying
that wasn't his doing.
|
| 01:00:15 | He went into the farmhouse,
came out with a stick,
and inserted it right into me.
|
| 01:00:21 | ,,
he was going to split
my stomach open
and remove my baby.
|
| 01:00:29 | >> narrator: KUMBA'S HUSBAND
Emerged from the jungle.
|
| 01:00:36 | >> Blood was spraying
from his wrist area.
|
| 01:00:39 | He yelled, "they cut
"
so I kept thinking, "they cut
my husband's hands off.
|
| 01:00:47 | "
I asked him why they cut
his hands off.
|
| 01:00:53 | He said they told him,,
they did it because he voted
for tejan kabbah,
that it was a lesson
,,th
>> narrator: FOR THE FIRST HALF
Of the war, the capital
of freetown was mostly spared
of r.u.f. atrocities.
|
| 01:01:33 | Then in may 1997, soldiers
from the sierra leone army
overthrew president kabbah.
|
| 01:01:41 | The new military junta
invited the rebels
into freetown as allies.
|
| 01:01:47 | Almost immediately,
pillaged the city
in what they called
operation pay yourself.
|
| 01:01:53 | >> These guys devised
some new but wicked strategies,
and one of them was,,
operation pay yourself, where
they would harass civilians,
take whatever property
they had, and use that property
for their own ends.
|
| 01:02:13 | >> We went house to house,
,,
we took belongings,
demanded money, and sometimes
killed two or three
of their family members.
|
| 01:02:24 | [people yelling]
>> It was a war of stealing,
grabbing, and taking illegally
what you never worked for.
|
| 01:02:39 | >> narrator: BUT AFTER ENDURING
Three decades of almost constant
military rule, freetown citizens
took to the streets in protest.
|
| 01:02:47 | >> The general public refused
to give them the support.
|
| 01:02:50 | People refused to send
their kids to school.
|
| 01:02:53 | ,,
>> narrator: IN FREETOWN,
The only army fit enough
to fight the rebels
was ecomog, a nigerian-led
west african intervention force
,,
they ousted the junta,
reinstated president kabbah,
out
of freetown.
|
| 01:03:28 | >> They now realized,
painfully realized that it was
really not possible for them
to stay in freetown permanently
,,
and since that was not going
to be possible,
all sierra leoneans
will suffer as a consequence.
|
| 01:03:44 | While they are retreating,
they made sure they destroyed
everything that was
on its way:
Human beings, buildings.
|
| 01:03:52 | You know, clearing like locusts
anything that was in their way.
|
| 01:03:56 | >> People were so frightened.
|
| 01:03:58 | People were panicked.
|
| 01:03:59 | There were people who had been
killed.
|
| 01:04:01 | There were reports of villages
set ablaze, towns wiped
by the rebels,
,,
>> narrator: THE R.U.F. RETREAT
Took them east, where,
by the end of 1998, they again
seized the diamond fields.
|
| 01:04:23 | The rebels rearmed,,,
and in january 1999,
they marched back into freetown.
|
| 01:04:29 | This time, it was little more
than a murderous rampage.
|
| 01:04:33 | >> It was the most brutal
experience that I witnessed.
|
| 01:04:37 | People were being forced
into their houses.
|
| 01:04:39 | This was the tim,,
I had to go into hiding.
|
| 01:04:43 | [gunfire]
You hear people being shot at.
|
| 01:04:48 | You hear people crying,
rebels attacking them,
women being brutalized.
|
| 01:04:55 | They were being raped
in front of their children,
in front of their husbands,
in front of their
family members.
|
| 01:05:04 | >> narrator: ECOMOG FORCES
Still in freetown launched
a fierce defense of the city.
|
| 01:05:09 | But unable to always distinguish
rebels from civilians,,,
citizens at times fell victim
to indiscriminate
ecomog aggression.
|
| 01:05:20 | >> Freetown was hell,
to put it very crudely.
|
| 01:05:25 | There was complete
anarchy and instability
,,
>> narrator: THE FREETOWN
Massacre lasted just two weeks
before ecomog again drove
the r.u.f. out of the capital.
|
| 01:05:41 | But by then, 6,000 people
,,
corpses piled up outside
freetown's connaught hospital.
|
| 01:05:52 | >> The dead bodies that I saw,
perhaps up to the day I die,
I pray not to see
that many dead people.
|
| 01:06:05 | >> narrator: AND A ONCE VIBRANT
City was in ruins.
|
| 01:06:13 | Sierra leone's cruel war
,,
and a shocking link
connecting death and diamonds
WAS ABOUT TO BE EXPOSED.,, B Bod Dia,,N TWO
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to bring california back.
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| 01:10:13 | ♪♪ ♪♪
|
| 01:10:24 | >> narrator: IN THE AFTERMATH
assaults
on freetown in 1999,,,
the international community,
largely absent to this point,
pushed diplomacy.
|
| 01:10:35 | With the united states
and united nations as brokers,
warring parties met
in lome, togo, in july 1999
and signed a peace agreement.
|
| 01:10:45 | >> It called for complete
cessation of hostilities
,,
it also granted amnesty
to all the fighting forces,
including the r.u.f.
|
| 01:10:56 | It also called
for some power sharing.
|
| 01:10:59 | >> The lome peace accord was
probably one of the worst things
that had been done in africa,,
in many, many, many years.
|
| 01:11:10 | >> narrator: THE CHIEF
Beneficiary of the lome accord
was imprisoned rebel leader
foday sankoh.
|
| 01:11:16 | The architect
war crimes
,,
>> people said, "there will
never be a military solution
to this.
|
| 01:11:25 | There has to be
"
the political solution
was to give the vice presidency
of the country to a butcher.
|
| 01:11:36 | >> narrator: AS VICE PRESIDENT,
Sankoh was granted
official oversight of
sierra leone's diamond fields,
the very objective
he sought through war.
|
| 01:11:48 | Sankoh also conspired
to overthrow the government.
|
| 01:11:52 | >> When you're dealing
with a group as anarchic
,
it was very unlikely
that they were ever going
to settle for half the cake.
|
| 01:12:03 | They wanted full power.
|
| 01:12:05 | >> They still wanted
the top-most position.
|
| 01:12:07 | Foday sankoh still wanted
to become president,
of this country.
|
| 01:12:12 | >> narrator: THE R.U.F. WAS
Countered by a 6,000-strong
peacekeeping force
dispatched in october 1999.
|
| 01:12:20 | But for almost one year,
peacekeepers simply avoided
the eastern diamond fields,,
still controlled by the r.u.f.
|
| 01:12:34 | Halfway across the world,
a canadian ngo called
partnership africa canada
was working on peace-building
projects for sierra leone.
|
| 01:12:44 | >> One of the sierra leoneans
in the group said, "this thing
is really about diamonds.
|
| 01:12:48 | Until somebody does something
about diamonds, this thing
"
we began to research
the subject, and, sure enough,
diamonds really were
the heart of the matter.
|
| 01:12:57 | >> narrator: IN JANUARY 2000,
Partnership africa canada
published a scathing report
that exposed how diamonds funded
's brutal war
and human rights atrocities.
|
| 01:13:09 | One of those implicated
was charles taylor,
who had been elected
,,
>> we found very clear evidence
that a lot of the diamonds
were being moved
from sierra leone
through monrovia,
through the offices
of charles taylor
and his cronies, out into
the bigger diamond world.
|
| 01:13:27 | >> narrator: THE REPORT CHARGED
De beers with being a part,,
of the conflict diamond problem.
|
| 01:13:32 | De beers had closed
its sierra leone office in 1985.
|
| 01:13:36 | But because of the company's
long-held practice
of buying up the majority
of rough diamonds
on the open market,
the report concluded it was
virtually inconceivable
that de beers was not
indirectly purchasing
sierra leone conflict diamonds.
|
| 01:13:52 | >> If you can't buy them
in the country where
they're mined, then
you buy them somewhere else.
|
| 01:13:56 | In the end, they're all going
to go into the same pot.
|
| 01:13:59 | So certainly, they were buying
diamonds that had been smuggled,,
from a whole variety of places.
|
| 01:14:05 | >> De beers itself did not buy
any sierra leone diamonds
from 1985 onwards.
|
| 01:14:09 | But clearly, there were
problems in terms
of those diamonds
from that country getting
into certain channels,
being smuggled, and getting
,,
>> narrator: LIBERIA WAS
The first stop
for most diamonds smuggled
out of sierra leone.
|
| 01:14:24 | It also was a favorite hub
for smugglers looking
to launder illicit rough
flowing from other
african countries.
|
| 01:14:31 | >> In a two-year period,
over $2 billion worth
of diamonds had come
into antwerp,
supposedly from liberia.
|
| 01:14:38 | >> Yet none of these diamonds
came from liberia.
|
| 01:14:40 | Liberia itself has
very few diamonds.
|
| 01:14:43 | This is a country that can't
produce $10 million worth
of diamonds a year.
|
| 01:14:47 | >> These were recorded
as official figures
coming into belgium,
official belgian trade figures.
|
| 01:14:52 | But all of these figures
were being recorded
without anybody batting an eye.
|
| 01:14:57 | Nobody was asking any questions.
|
| 01:14:59 | There was no regulation.
|
| 01:15:00 | There was no control
of any kind.
|
| 01:15:02 | >> narrator: ILLICIT
Rough diamonds entered antwerp
often accompanied
by fraudulent paperwork,,
printed on fake letterhead
of fictitious companies.
|
| 01:15:10 | >> You would arrive
at belgian customs,
and you would have an invoice
saying that you bought
these diamonds in liberia.
|
| 01:15:15 | You could have bought them
anywhere.
|
| 01:15:18 | >> narrator: THE REPORT
Also showed that invoices
were often falsified
by ltiting a diamond shipment's
last country of transport
and not its country of origin.
|
| 01:15:30 | >> Many, many diamonds went
through swiss free ports,
and so these were declared
as swiss diamonds.
|
| 01:15:34 | Switzerland, of course,
doesn't have any diamonds.
|
| 01:15:37 | >> narrator: AS NEGATIVE PRESS
About conflict diamonds spread,
the industry took notice.
|
| 01:15:43 | De beers was the first to act.
|
| 01:15:46 | >> De beers began to recognize
that this was a real issue.
|
| 01:15:49 | And as the industry leader,
they would have to make
some changes in the way
they do business.
|
| 01:15:54 | >> They realized
that they actually had
to do something.
|
| 01:15:57 | For whatever reasons,
whether it was altruistic
or whether it was to protect
the good name of diamonds,
they did become involved.
|
| 01:16:03 | >> narrator: IN 2000,
De beers stopped buying diamonds
on the open market.
|
| 01:16:08 | >> De beers was probably
more aware
of the conflict diamond issue,,
than others and basically said
they would only buy diamonds
from mines that they controlled
or had a share in
so they knew exactly where
the diamonds came from.
|
| 01:16:20 | >> And when we look
at the absolute tragedy
that was going on
in sierra leone,
this shocked the world,
and it shocked
the diamond industry.
|
| 01:16:27 | And we very quickly wanted
to become part of the solution
in putting an end to this.
|
| 01:16:33 | Diamonds should have nothing
to do with these kind
of activities.
|
| 01:16:36 | Of that, we were adamant.
|
| 01:16:39 | >> narrator: FOR AN INDUSTRY
That had changed little
over a century, a seismic shift
had been started.
|
| 01:16:47 | >> The awareness
of conflict diamonds was
probably the biggest change
to the diamond industry
almost from the beginning.
|
| 01:16:55 | >> narrator: AT THE SAME TIME
As partnership africa canada
exposed the link
between diamonds
and the erra leone conflict,
the tenuous peace there
unraveled.
|
| 01:17:05 | >> For the first few months,
there was some relative peace.
|
| 01:17:08 | Soon, the rebels began attacking
important areas.
|
| 01:17:12 | They began attacking people.
|
| 01:17:15 | >> narrator: BUT THIS TIME,,,
The r.u.f. would be crushed.
|
| 01:17:19 | In may 2000, a small
but heavily armed
british intervention force
landed on the shores
of sierra leone.
|
| 01:17:27 | The united nations beefed up
its force to more
,,
together, they routed
remaining r.u.f. strongholds.
|
| 01:17:37 | f was stripped
of power, and its leader,
foday sankoh, was arrested.
|
| 01:17:45 | On january 18, 2002,,,
president ahmad tejan kabbah
officially declared the end
of one of the most brutal
civil wars of the 20th century.
|
| 01:17:57 | >> Today we're happy
that those flames of war
have been extinguished
and that now we are about
to watch the flames of peace
destroy some of the implements
of war.
|
| 01:18:15 | >> narrator: FOUR MONTHS LATER,
Sierra leoneans eely went
,,
president kabbah was easily
reelected.
|
| 01:18:26 | Hundreds of citizens
whose hands had been severed
to keep them from voting
,,
in sierra leone and angola,
the atrocities funded in part
by illicit diamonds
had been exposed.
|
| 01:18:44 | But a shocking new allegation
was about to be leveled.
|
| 01:18:51 | >> The connection between,,
al-qaeda and diamonds first came
to my attention shortly after
THE 9/11 ATTACKS.lolo Dia,,,,,,,,,,,,ONE
..
|
| 01:22:20 | To support energy,immunity,,
and your inner child.
|
| 01:22:25 | ♪♪♪
|
| 01:22:26 | ONE A DAY VitaCraves.
|
| 01:22:27 | ..for grown-ups.
|
| 01:22:43 | >> narrator: ON THE MORNING
Of november 2, 2001,
readers ofthe washington post
awoke to a front page story
connecting the trade
of illicit diamonds
to the world's most notorious
,,
>> there's strong evidence
that there were al-qaeda
operatives in liberia
and that they went
to sierra leone
IN THE LATE 1990s AND THAT
They were buying diamonds.
|
| 01:23:08 | >> narrator: THE REVELATION CAME
By chance to doug farah,
then the chief of thepost's
west africa bureau.
|
| 01:23:16 | Farah was in ghana,
meeting with a longtime
confidential source,
a member of charles taylor's
inner circle.
|
| 01:23:24 | >> He was looking
at anewsweekmagazine
that had come out just after
the 9/11 attacks.
|
| 01:23:28 | And they had a list
of the fbi's most wanted
on a two-page spread.
|
| 01:23:31 | And he suddenly went pale,
and he said, "i know
these two guys
"
I said, "what do you mean,
"
he said, "i sold diamonds
to them earlier this year.
|
| 01:23:40 | I was with these people
"
"
>> narrator: THE MEN
Farah's source identified
were key al-qaeda operatives.
|
| 01:23:49 | >> Two of the gentlemen,
ghailani and fazul mohammed,
were identified as being
involved in the east african
embassy bombings.
|
| 01:23:57 | And abdullah ahmed abdullah
was a fairly senior
financial officer
within al-qaeda.
|
| 01:24:05 | >> narrator: FARAH'S SOURCE
Described several
face-to-face meetings,,
between al-qaeda and the r.u.f.
|
| 01:24:11 | >> They had had a meeting
in june and july of 2001
in monrovia to negotiate
a monopoly agreement to buy
the entire diamond harvest
of the r.u.f. that year.
|
| 01:24:21 | And one of the incentives
they gave was to pay
10% or 15% above the going rate
for uncut stones.
|
| 01:24:28 | >> narrator: FARAH FOLLOWED
The story to sierra leone,
commanders
corroborated it.
|
| 01:24:34 | His explosive article prompted
further probes
by the special court
for sierra leone,
a joint task force of several
european intelligence agencies,
and the ngo global witness.
|
| 01:24:47 | All substantiated
farah's account.
|
| 01:24:51 | >> The link between al-qaeda
and diamonds really starts
in east africa,
,,
>> narrator: IN THE AFTERMATH
Of the 1998 al-qaeda attacks
on american embassies
in kenya and tanzania,
the united states froze
the terrorist group's assets.
|
| 01:25:09 | >> Intelligence sources believe
that osama bin laden needed,,
to come up with a different
financial structure
for the next attack.
|
| 01:25:18 | And nothing fits the bill
better than diamonds.
|
| 01:25:21 | They're portable.
|
| 01:25:23 | They're easily liquidated.
|
| 01:25:25 | And nobody can tell
where they came from
once they have left
the source of origin.
|
| 01:25:32 | >> Elements of the east african
al-qaeda cell moved to liberia,
to west africa, and became
involved in buying up
millions of dollars worth
of diamonds.
|
| 01:25:41 | >> They brought in a couple
of people in '98, and then
they had two permanent people,,
there starting in december
of 2000.
|
| 01:25:49 | And they rented a house
starting in february of 2001.
|
| 01:26:01 | >> narrator: COMING JUST MONTHS,,
After the 9/11 attacks, the reaction
,
to farah's findings were mixed.
|
| 01:26:08 | >> The cia and the fbi refused
to believe it.
|
| 01:26:11 | >> Members of congress
kept demanding
that the fbi and cia investigate
the stories.
|
| 01:26:15 | >> narrator: THE FBI WAS TWICE
Sent to west africa to study
the diamond-terrorism link.
|
| 01:26:21 | >> Which created
a huge level of hostility
within those agencies,
being told by congress to go
spend resource on something
they didn't think was important.
|
| 01:26:30 | >> narrator: THE FBI AND CIA
Provided classified reports
about their investigations
into the alleged
al-qaeda diamond connection
to the 9/11 commission.
|
| 01:26:39 | Their official report
contradicts
thewashington poststory.
|
| 01:26:43 | ,,
by the turn of the century,
very few disputed the fact
that diamonds had helped fund
brutal wars
and human rights atrocities
,,
>> the diamond industry
was very concerned
THAT THE TWO NGOs
That had exposed the problem,
global witness and
partnership africa canada,
might start a consumer boycott.
|
| 01:27:17 | This would be very damaging
for countries like botswana,
namibia, south africa,
where they're very dependent
on diamonds and where there are
no conflict diamonds.
|
| 01:27:26 | So the industry was concerned,
and those governments were also
concerned.
|
| 01:27:30 | >> narrator: THE DIAMOND
INDUSTRY JOINED WITH NGOs
And diamond-producing countries
to search for solutions.
|
| 01:27:39 | After several years of debate,
a system of certifications
was agreed upon
and then implemented in 2003.
|
| 01:27:48 | It's called
the kimberley process.
|
| 01:27:51 | >> The kimberley process
certification scheme,,,
which is its technical name,
-sponsored trade
agreement which requires,
any time rough diamonds cross
international border,
that they be packaged
in a tamper-resistant container
and that they be accompanied
by a government-validated,,
kimberley process certificate,
which lists the volume,
the weight, the value
of the rough diamonds.
|
| 01:28:22 | >> narrator: TO DATE,
More than 70 countries
are members
,,
>> I'm happy to report
that the initial source
of conflict diamonds,
which were angola
and sierra leone,
are both members
of the kimberley process.
|
| 01:28:38 | >> narrator: IN THE
Sierra leone government
gold and diamond office,
every batch
of officially exported rough
goes through a rigorous sorting,
evaluation, and certification
process, all mandated
by kimberley.
|
| 01:28:55 | Once a certified and sealed
shipment of rough is exported,,,
it enters a diamond supply chain
that eventually delivers
the rough to dealers, polishers,
and retailers around the globe.
|
| 01:29:11 | In addition
to the kimberley process,
the industry agreed
upon a voluntary system of,,
self-regulation and warrantees
designed to guarantee
the pedigree
of diamond shipments
in the supply chain.
|
| 01:29:24 | Used in conjunction
with the kimberley process,
diamonds theoretically
should be able to be tracked
from their point of origin
to the stores,
where they are sold.
|
| 01:29:46 | To tell the consumer
that, "all of the diamonds
that I sell my store
are covered by a warrantee
and that, therefore,
they have no taint of conflict
"
>> narrator: BUT DOES
,,
it's estimated
that conflict diamonds have
been reduced to less than 1%
of the world diamond trade,
mainly attributable to the end
of the major
diamond-funded wars.
|
| 01:30:15 | And since the kimberley process
was implemented,
legal diamond exports,,
in former conflict zones
are on the rise.
|
| 01:30:24 | >> I think one of
the indications of success
in the kimberley process
is what's happened
in sierra leone.
|
| 01:30:29 | In 2002, I think sierra leone
exported about $26 million worth
of diamonds legally.
|
| 01:30:34 | In 2005, it exported,,
$142 million legally.
|
| 01:30:40 | >> narrator: CRITICS, HOWEVER,
Contend the system
is not without flaws.
|
| 01:30:45 | Kimberley-compliant countries
are required to institute
internal controls
to prevent illicit diamonds
from entering the system,
a formidable task in areas
of widespread informal
alluvial mining, such as
former conflict zones.
|
| 01:30:59 | >> In a country
like sierra leone,
where you've got something
like 180,000 artisanal
diamond diggers, people who dig
with a shovel and a sieve,
many of them not licensed,,,
very, veryarard to know
where the diamonds
are coming from
that are offered for export.
|
| 01:31:13 | Very hard to track
all those diamonds right back
to the mine.
|
| 01:31:16 | >> So unless an inspector
is physically there to see
that each individual diamond
is pulled
from a particular mine,
there is no way,,
that any regimen
of certificates and checks
or double-checks
is going to account
for every single one of them.
|
| 01:31:32 | >> Diamonds could be coming
into sierra leone from liberia.
|
| 01:31:35 | Diamonds could be going out
of sierra leone into gnenea.
|
| 01:31:38 | >> narrator: ALSO OF CONCERN
TO NGOs IS THAT THE SYSTEM
Of warrantees designed
to track diamonds
to the retail market
does not allow
for third-party reviews.
|
| 01:31:51 | >> This industry chain
of warrantees,
this industry self-regulation
is voluntary,
and there is no provision
for audits.
|
| 01:31:58 | In our view, this is
a weak link in the chain.
|
| 01:32:02 | >> narrator: A 2004
Global witness undercover
investigation revealed
significant numbers
of united states retailers
were unable to produce
conflict-free warrantees
,,
>> we're always trying
to improve
the kimberley process.
|
| 01:32:25 | We've all had some ideas
on how to improve it:
THE NGOs, THE GOVERNMENTS,
The industry.
|
| 01:32:29 | We're working those through.
|
| 01:32:32 | >> narrator: WHAT REMAINS
To be seen
is if the kimberley process
can be effective
in a time of war.
|
| 01:32:37 | >> I remain convinced
that no system of certificates
and stamps of approval
or digital pictures
are going to eradicate,,
this problem as long
as there are armed groups
who are acting in rebellion
to a legitimate government
of a country
where diamonds are found.
|
| 01:32:54 | And as long as they can
control diamonds,
as long as they can extract
the diamonds, those diamonds
will get sold.
|
| 01:33:01 | >> narrator: IN 2006,
The united nations reported
that diamonds
from the ivory coast
were being mined by rebels
and smuggled out of the country.
|
| 01:33:09 | Illicit stones from liberia
and the democratic republic
of the congo still make
their way to the international
,,
the major diamond-funded
conflicts in africa
have mercifully come to an end.
|
| 01:33:25 | But in regions as volatile
as west and central africa,
some worry a war funded
by diamonds could be triggered
,
>> if you want to overthrow
a government
and you've got access
to millions of dollars worth
of diamonds, it's going to be
EASY TO DO.iaia,,,,,,,,
>> narrator: IN POST-WAR
Sierra leone, there exists,,
an uneasy peace.
|
| 01:37:32 | Due to an unconditional amnesty
combatants,
war victims and the rebels
who terrorized them
are once again neighbors.
|
| 01:37:42 | >> And most of us consider
the civil war
as a long nightmare,
and people are prepared
to forgive, not necessarily
to forget, and to forge ahead
in the hope that they will never
experience these kind
,,
>> narrator: THE SIERRA LEONE
Truth and reconciliation
commission urges victims
and perpetrators
to find common ground.
|
| 01:38:09 | Killers are asked
TO OFFER REMORSE.,,iaiaHd
>> narrator: VICTIMS
Are asked to forgive.
|
| 01:38:36 | Not all can.
|
| 01:38:38 | >> It doesn't feel good.
|
| 01:38:41 | Sometimes I ask god
to give me the power
to meet the person
who did this to me.
|
| 01:38:47 | We wouldn't be able
to sit down like this and talk.
|
| 01:38:52 | >> narrator: A COMMON GRIEVANCE
Is government aid directed
to perpetrators.
|
| 01:38:58 | In exchange for disarming,
financial compensation was given
,,,,
>> they would rather help
the armed rebels
because of fear.
|
| 01:39:30 | We just barely survive.
|
| 01:39:33 | >> narrator: NOWHERE
Is neglect more evident
than at the grafton camp,,
for war wounded.
|
| 01:39:40 | >> [speaking in native language]
>> male translator: WE'VE BEEN
In this camp now
since november 17th
of the year 2000.
|
| 01:39:46 | Presently, we have 500 people.
|
| 01:39:50 | We don't have electricity.
|
| 01:39:52 | We don't have toilet facilities.
|
| 01:39:56 | And we have
educational problems too.
|
| 01:40:00 | We need good schools.
|
| 01:40:02 | >> narrator: DESIGNED
As a temporary shelter,
today weather-worn tents serve
,,
one of the camp's residents
is kumba mbindie.
|
| 01:40:17 | >> We are still here
and going through a lot of pain.
|
| 01:40:22 | We have suffered a great deal.
|
| 01:40:25 | >> narrator: DURING THE WAR,,,
rebels
sexually mutilated kumba.
|
| 01:40:31 | Today she lives with the stigma
of that attack.
|
| 01:40:37 | >> My husband doesn't care
for me anymore.
|
| 01:40:40 | He is gone,,,
and I'm here by myself.
|
| 01:40:43 | There is no other man here.
|
| 01:40:46 | Even those I go out with
that want me, once they sleep
with me and realize
my condition, they walk away.
|
| 01:40:57 | >> narrator: AND BECAUSE OF
The amnesty granted
her attackers, kumba will
never be able to confront them
in a court of law.
|
| 01:41:07 | >> Perhaps, in an ideal world,
every person against whom
there is evidence
of the commission of crimes
would be called to stand trial
for those crimes.
|
| 01:41:17 | But the amount of time
that that would take
and the amount of resources
that that would take
would be unsustainable.
|
| 01:41:25 | >> narrator: ONLY A FEW
Will face justice.
|
| 01:41:29 | Their cases will mostly
be heard at the heavily
fortified special court
for sierra leone in freetown.
|
| 01:41:37 | -supported
war crimes tribunal is charged
with prosecuting only those
who bear the greatest
responsibility for the war's
,,
>> they involve crimes
of an absolutely horrific
torture of individuals,
killings and mutilations
of individuals, amputations,
sexual crimes, rapes,
burning of houses
with people in them alive,
burying of people alive.
|
| 01:42:05 | Absolutely horrific category
of events
that are being charged.
|
| 01:42:09 | >> Blood diamonds are
the common thread
that bound together
this criminal enterprise.
|
| 01:42:16 | The rule of the gun
,,
>> narrator: IN MARCH 2003,
commander foday sankoh
was charged on 17 counts
of crimes against humanity.
|
| 01:42:29 | But sankoh never stood trial.
|
| 01:42:32 | Later in 2003, he died
,,
but the tribunal's
most important indictment
was reserved for the man
who helped finance the war
and directed it from afar.
|
| 01:42:46 | >> On behalf of the people
of sierra leone and
the international community,,,
I announce the indictment
of charles ghankay taylor
for war crimes,
crimes against humanity,
and serious violations of
international humanitarian law.
|
| 01:43:03 | >> It was hugely significant
that the rule of law has, in this case, shown
that it can extend
beyond borders, that it can
extend to any person,
even a former head of state.
|
| 01:43:20 | >> narrator: AFTER HE WAS TAKEN
Into custody in nigeria,,
in march 2006, taylor was jailed
at the special court in freetown
and later transferred
to the international court
in the dutch city of the hague.
|
| 01:43:34 | Charles taylor still
awaits trail.
|
| 01:43:37 | The special court
for sierra leone has handed down,
13 indictments.
|
| 01:43:42 | Verdicts are expected in 2007.
|
| 01:43:48 | Even as the scars of war
slowly fade, african countries
characterized by informal,,
alluvial diamond mining
still remain prone to conflict.
|
| 01:44:01 | >> The conflict diamond issue
is still pertinent, because
it can flare up at any time.
|
| 01:44:06 | Africa is a volatile region.
|
| 01:44:08 | One of the key problems
in looking at the whole
diamond issue is that, really,
the root causes of the conflicts
haven't been addressed:
The corruption, the poverty,
the lack of resources,
the lack of opportunities
for people.
|
| 01:44:21 | >> narrator: IMPOVERISHED
Young men toil in the mines.
|
| 01:44:26 | ,,
>> one of
the very strange things about
the diamond-producing areas
in africa is that
they're often the poorest.
|
| 01:44:35 | You can go to a village
that has been mining diamonds
for 50, 60 years,
and they don't even have
a water pump.
|
| 01:44:40 | Now, millions of dollars worth
of diamonds have come out
of that area, and why is it
so poor?
|
| 01:44:45 | It's very hard to understand.
|
| 01:44:49 | >> narrator: MOST TURN
To mining because they lack
alternatives.
|
| 01:44:54 | During the sierra leone war,
usman conteh was enslaved
and forced,,
to mine.
|
| 01:45:04 | In inescapable irony,
he again digs for diamonds.
|
| 01:45:09 | Without education, skills,
or job opportunity,
it's the only work he can find.
|
| 01:45:16 | In a different way, he remains
a captive to diamonds.
|
| 01:45:24 | >> At this job, I haven't had
anything yet.
|
| 01:45:29 | ,,
if I had another job,
I could leave the mining job.
|
| 01:45:40 | But since I don't have another,
I will stay here until
,,
>> narrator: DIGGERS ARE PAID
In a variety of ways.
|
| 01:45:53 | Some receive a miniscule share
of what they dig.
|
| 01:45:57 | Others work simply for a meal.
|
| 01:46:01 | Some earn a scant wage.
|
| 01:46:04 | Most work under false hopes.
|
| 01:46:07 | >> It's a casino economy.
|
| 01:46:08 | Everybody thinks they're going
to find the big one, but,
of course, hardly anybody
ever does find the big one.
|
| 01:46:15 | The mining conditions
are awful.
|
| 01:46:17 | People dig in the hot sun
all day long, often up to
their waist in filthy water.
|
| 01:46:22 | There's no social cohesion.
|
| 01:46:24 | There's a lot of violence.
|
| 01:46:26 | These mining areas
are great vectors for malaria,
for hiv/aids, for all kinds
of societal problems.
|
| 01:46:34 | >> And their daily routine is--
it's really nothing more
than bonded slavery.
|
| 01:46:40 | >> narrator: IN AN EFFORT
To empower those
upon whose backs
diamond riches are borne,
NGOs GLOBAL WITNESS
And partnership africa canada,
in conjunction with de beers,
formed the diamond development
,,
>> there are a million,
if not ailillion and a half,
artisanal alluvial diamond
diggers earning $1 a day.
|
| 01:47:03 | Wh w we're suggesting
with the diamond development
initiative, the ddi,
is that you need,,
economic solutions
to economic problems,
that if you can get
better prices for the diggers,
if you can formalize
this vast informal
diamond economy,
then you can bring peace
and development
to the diamond areas.
|
| 01:47:22 | >> There can be no future
as long as the people
that are working in these areas
do not benefit.
|
| 01:47:29 | We believe that the communities,
first of all, are the priority.
|
| 01:47:33 | >> narrator: THE FIRST GOAL
Of the diamond development
initiative is to educate miners.
|
| 01:47:40 | >> Generally speaking,,,
diggers will have an idea
what a low-value diamond
is worth.
|
| 01:47:45 | It's when you get
into the better stuff
that people actually
don't know what they're worth.
|
| 01:47:48 | That's when people get cheated,
and that's where
the huge markup is between
the miner and the exporter.
|
| 01:47:54 | >> Why is it that a diamond
in sierra leone can be bought
for $20 and then sold in antwerp
for $1,500?
|
| 01:48:00 | It's perverse.
|
| 01:48:02 | What really needs to happen
is for the diamond industry
and for governments
to actually start investing
in their development,
to start paying a decent wage
to the people
that are working there
but also a realistic price
for the diamonds.
|
| 01:48:15 | >> What we have to do
is find ways to validate
african diamonds
not just because
they're conflict-free
but because they come
from developmentally sound
sources, that people
actually get a fair price
for the diamonds.
|
| 01:48:28 | >> narrator: IT'S A WORTHY
But difficult task,
for history has vividly shown
how diamonds pulled
from west and central african
conflict zones
have been misused,
often with tragic consequence.
|
| 01:48:44 | >> At the end of the day,,
what is going to eradicate
conflict diamonds,
what is going to be an end
to the blood diamond trade
is going to be the end
of the conflict where
these diamonds are being
extracted from
in the first place.
|
| 01:49:00 | Captioning byCaptionMax
www.captionmax.com,,
www.captionmax.com
man: It's a central tendency
in government to plan
for the normal,
and disasters aren't normal !
|
| 01:49:21 | They're gonna be overwhelmed.
|
| 01:49:23 | They're not gonna be
ready for it.
|
| 01:49:27 | man: People are gonna die, and
there isn't a whole lot we're
gonna be able to do about it.
|
| 01:49:34 | man: We have a saying
that we're nine meals
away from anarchy.
|
| 01:49:38 | woman: You'll start to see a
true disintegration of society.
|
| 01:49:42 | man: People will form together
in gangs to go obtain
the resources they need.
|
| 01:49:48 | man: They're gonna be looking
for food, they're going
to be looking for drugs.
|
| 01:49:53 | woman: Chris !,,
man: There are gonna be some
grade-A predators out there.
|
| 01:49:56 | woman: Whoa, turn that off,
turn that off !
|
| 01:49:58 | woman: Large urban centers
will be uninhabitable.
|
| 01:50:00 | woman: Get him down,
get him down, get him down !
|
| 01:50:02 | woman: Very dangerous places.
|
| 01:50:07 | man: Some small communities
would put up barriers.
|
| 01:50:09 | man: The man said no !
|
| 01:50:10 | man: You're gonna find things
along the route that are
gonna be useful to you,
and you're gonna take them.
|
| 01:50:16 | man: You're gonna have to
forage, which is a nice word
for looting.
|
| 01:50:20 | The hardest thing in the world
for anybody would be
to take another life.
|
| 01:50:26 | Captioning presented byA&E TELEVISION NETWORKS
,,
man: Nothing could've
prepared us for what happened.
|
| 01:50:50 | Millions dead in
a matter of weeks.
|
| 01:50:53 | Billions across the world.
|
| 01:50:57 | America was devastated.,,
Nowhere was spared.
|
| 01:51:02 | Without food, water, or power,
cities like ours
became wastelands.
|
| 01:51:07 | We were just an ordinary family.
|
| 01:51:10 | But pretty soon we realized
if we wanted to stay alive,
we had to get out of the city.
|
| 01:51:15 | We thought we were leaving,,,,
the worst behind us.
|
| 01:51:18 | But we were wrong.
|
| 01:51:22 | Tim: Where law and order's
broken down, and all the systems
have broken down,
that's really nightmare stuff.
|
| 01:51:30 | Lee: Very few of us have
the skill sets to survive
in this radically changed world.
|
| 01:51:42 | man: At some point in
a long-term crisis,
the city's uninhabitable.
|
| 01:51:46 | And you need to move
and you have no choice.
|
| 01:51:48 | You have to move.,,
How do you stay secure ?
|
| 01:51:52 | Joseph: People trying to escape
from cities, they're going to
encounter looters,
gangs, thieves.
|
| 01:52:01 | Michael: What you wanna be
is as invisible as possible.
|
| 01:52:03 | woman: Turn that off,
turn that off !,,
Michael: If people see you,
you want their eyes just
to roll over you.
|
| 01:52:10 | man: Keep him down.
|
| 01:52:14 | Kevin: It would be most
frightening to have family
members with me
that I had to protect.
|
| 01:52:18 | It'd be hard to not feel
a tremendous sense of guilt
about that.,,
man: Once we hit the freeway,
we should be out of the city
in like an hour.
|
| 01:52:29 | Great !
|
| 01:52:34 | Joseph: If enough people try
to evacuate, the roads simply
become so jammed that you get
traffic jams that stretch
for tens of miles.
|
| 01:52:41 | man: I'm gonna check
the freeway-- lock the doors.
|
| 01:52:44 | Joseph: Roads become
simply impassable.
|
| 01:52:47 | People begin even to die
in their vehicles, and those
vehicles block the roads
and prevent further egress.
|
| 01:53:02 | Rick: Gridlock would be
a major secondary event.
|
| 01:53:09 | With that, then the desperation,,
goes even higher.
|
| 01:53:13 | man: The freeway is blocked.
|
| 01:53:15 | We're gonna try to get
on at the next on-ramp.
|
| 01:53:18 | Joseph: People would masquerade
as police, pretending to be
police or other authorities.
|
| 01:53:23 | man: Ellen, look.
|
| 01:53:25 | Joseph: And it could be
difficult for people to tell
who is official, who isn't,
who might be on their side,
and who isn't.
|
| 01:53:33 | And many people
would make mistakes.
|
| 01:53:35 | man: I think it's
the National Guard.
|
| 01:53:38 | Ellen: Do you think maybe they
could help us find a way
out of the city ?
|
| 01:53:42 | boy: If it's the National Guard,
why aren't they in uniform ?,,
man: Get him down !
|
| 01:53:45 | Get him down !
|
| 01:53:47 | Get him down !
|
| 01:53:49 | ( gunfire )
( tires squealing )
( Ellen crying )
boy: Slow down !
|
| 01:54:01 | What are you doing ?
|
| 01:54:01 | Slow down-- Dad !
|
| 01:54:10 | ( man panting ),,
woman: Concern is today mounting
over a deadly new strain of
influenza, which is reportedly
sweeping through parts of
Southeast Asia.
|
| 01:54:31 | The outbreak is believed to have
already claimed the lives
of over 25,000 people,
despite a raft of emergency
measures to try and control
its spread.
|
| 01:54:40 | David: We average a pandemic
every 30 to 40 years.
|
| 01:54:43 | It's a cycle
that we can predict.
|
| 01:54:46 | Tim: It's almost 100 years
since we saw a really severe
one, so we've begun to
think we're immune.
|
| 01:54:52 | But let me tell you,
Mother Nature is still
lurking there.
|
| 01:54:55 | If we get one of these
rapid-moving viruses,
like the swine flu, combined
with the fatality rate of avian
flu, we would see unspeakable,
indescribable catastrophe.
|
| 01:55:07 | man: With the world now facing
an official Global Pandemic
Alert, US government agencies
confirmed there were as yet
no suspected cases
in North America.
|
| 01:55:16 | However, all flights between
Southeast Asia and the US have
been temporarily suspended...,,
man: Seriously, do you have
to film everything ?
|
| 01:55:23 | boy: Yep.
|
| 01:55:25 | Ellen: Hey, chris ?
|
| 01:55:26 | Do you think you could take
Casey to soccer tonight ?
|
| 01:55:28 | Chris: Uh, yeah, what time ?
|
| 01:55:29 | Ellen: 7:00.
|
| 01:55:30 | Chris: 7:00, Yeah.
|
| 01:55:32 | Ellen: I'm hosting an open
house, so I should be done about
7:30, so I can pick him up.
|
| 01:55:35 | Chris:..
|
| 01:55:37 | Casey:,
Chris: C'mon, pal,
you know the drill.
|
| 01:55:40 | You signed up for it.
|
| 01:55:41 | Casey: You signed me up !
|
| 01:55:43 | Chris: Did I ?
|
| 01:55:45 | Casey: That's disgusting.
|
| 01:55:46 | Ellen: You're welcome.
|
| 01:55:47 | Casey: That's disgusting-er.
|
| 01:55:49 | Chris: C'mon, case, we gotta go.
|
| 01:55:50 | Ellen: Hey, do I get a kiss ?
|
| 01:55:52 | Casey:,,
Chris: Morning, keith !
|
| 01:55:56 | Keith: Morning !
|
| 01:55:57 | Chris: Have a good one !
|
| 01:56:01 | Joseph: It takes dense
populations to have a pandemic,
so of course cities would be
the most vulnerable.
|
| 01:56:08 | Robyn: In 2007 more thanal
of the world's population,
for the first time in human,,
history, lived in cities.
|
| 01:56:15 | Rick: Transmissibility
depends on person-to-person
contact or very close proximity,
and we've got that.
|
| 01:56:23 | Chris:00,
okay ?
|
| 01:56:25 | Casey:,,
David: Given the amount of
global networking,
you can spread a disease
these days within a matter
of hours and days.
|
| 01:56:35 | Tim: It would be here, it would
be among us before we had
the chance to react.Time Machine 4 (1hs)
- After Arm,,
|
| 00:00:00 | In angola to just
widespread destruction.
|
| 00:00:04 | >> So what good
have those deposits brought
to those countries?
|
| 00:00:10 | None.
|
| 00:00:12 | They've been a curse.
|
| 00:00:13 | What have people got
who've lived
in the conflict zones?
|
| 00:00:18 | Generally, you'd have to say,
misery, enslavement, death,
disease.
|
| 00:00:28 | ,
>> narrator: AS CITIZENS
In four african war zones
suffered, diamonds from
those countries flowed freely
into the world diamond market.
|
| 00:00:40 | >> Our estimates are
that 10% to 15%,
possibly even higher,
of the world diamond trade
was blood diamonds.
|
| 00:00:49 | >> narrator: TODAY
Blood diamonds mined
IN THE 1990s STILL GRACE
The hands and necks
of unsuspecting customers
who have little clue
of their brutal origins.
|
| 00:01:00 | ,
>> a conflict diamond doesn't
come with a little tag on it
that says, "conflict diamond.
|
| 00:01:06 | "
it doesn't have
a little sort of, like,
skull and crossbones
nicked in the side.
|
| 00:01:13 | It's just another piece
of rough.
|
| 00:01:15 | >> If you ask anyone
on the street passing by,
"where did you get
your diamond ring,"
they're going to say, "down at
"
they're never going to know,
bendnd that, where the diamond
originated.
|
| 00:01:26 | >> narrator: THE MODERN STORY
Of how diamonds are brought
to the market
is inexorably linked
to one company that took
a stone and transformed it into
A MULTIBILLION-DOLLAR INDUSTRY.,, M Mhine
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|
| 00:04:56 | od Dialolo
>> narrator: AN EXQUISITELY
Hand-cut and polished diamond
is a creation of elegance
and artistry.
|
| 00:05:33 | ,,
catering to a diamond-hungry
public is a vast
worldwide industry.
|
| 00:05:42 | Botswana, russia,
south africa, and canada
are some of the largest
diamond-producing nations.
|
| 00:05:49 | ,
but diamond mines are located
in more than 20 countries
and yield 20 tons
of gem-quality stones a year.
|
| 00:05:58 | >> This started out
as a 250-karat piece of rough
out of the congo.
|
| 00:06:03 | It was a complicated piece,
came out "d" flawless,
over 100 karats.
|
| 00:06:08 | In today's market, a stone
like this is probably
a $15 million diamond.
|
| 00:06:17 | >> narrator: DIAMONDS START
As mined rough.
|
| 00:06:20 | Artisans then cut
and polish stones
into precious gems.
|
| 00:06:25 | >> Working on big diamonds
like that
is very nerve-wracking.
|
| 00:06:28 | >> narrator: IT'S
A gh-stakes game,
the true v value of each stone
unknown until it reaches
the polisher's wheel.
|
| 00:06:36 | >> This one I'm working on
over here will be an oval,,
or a pear shape.
|
| 00:06:41 | Started off 20 karats,
and it'll finish around about 7.
|
| 00:06:47 | >> narrator: NOWHERE
Is the diamond business
more profitable
than in the united states,
where half of the world's
diamond supply is sold.
|
| 00:06:56 | Worldwide, the diamond retail
business rakes in
more than $60 billion a year.
|
| 00:07:02 | >> Try this.
|
| 00:07:03 | Just beautiful necklace.
|
| 00:07:05 | >> narrator: OUR LOVE AFFAIR
With diamonds began
2,0 0 years ago.
|
| 00:07:09 | Throughout most of history,
diamonds were
the exclusive property
of royals, aristocrats,
and the very rich.
|
| 00:07:17 | Few others could afford them.
|
| 00:07:20 | Diamond discoveries
were rare, scattered deposits
found in or around riverbeds.
|
| 00:07:26 | ,
the true source of the gems
remained unknown
until the 19th century.
|
| 00:07:31 | >> The modern diamond business
originated in africa.
|
| 00:07:35 | It originated with the big
19th-CENTURY AFRICAN
Diamond discovery.
|
| 00:07:40 | >> narrator: IN 1869,
5-karat diamond
was discovered
near the orange river
in south africa.
|
| 00:07:48 | An unpalalleled
diamond rush followed.
|
| 00:07:52 | As prospectors arrived
by the thousands,
the mining town of kimberley
was established in 1873.
|
| 00:07:58 | ,
it was home to the region's
biggest diamond find.
|
| 00:08:04 | >> The main significance
of the kimberley mine
is that it's the first time
that people identified
the true diamond source.
|
| 00:08:12 | >> narrator: THE SOURCE
Of diamonds is a subterranean
volcanic pipe named after
the mining town
where it was first discovered.
|
| 00:08:19 | >> Diamonds are created
in the upper mantle.
|
| 00:08:22 | They're transported
from this 100-mile-deep part
of the upper mantle
to the surface
in a kind of volcano called
a kimberlite pipe.
|
| 00:08:32 | Under exactly
the right conditions--
a fairly rapid ascent
with exactly steady conditions
of pressure and temperature--
that little volcano,
that kimberlite pipe,
will deliver to the surface
a stream of diamonds.
|
| 00:08:47 | >> narrator: KIMBERLEY MARKED
The first discovery of
actual diamond-producing pipes.
|
| 00:08:52 | Suddenly, large-scale
industrial mining
became feasible.
|
| 00:08:57 | The largest of the kimberlite
pipes was found on land owned
by two unsuspecting farmers.
|
| 00:09:02 | ,
>> well, the original
de beers brothers
were just farmers.
|
| 00:09:09 | Diamonds were discovered
on their land.
|
| 00:09:11 | A syndicate was formed
and bought them out.
|
| 00:09:14 | >> narrator: THE PRICE PAID
For the brothers' land:
£6,300.
|
| 00:09:19 | >> Which they, no doubt,
thought of as a stupefying sum
at the time and probably got
into their wagons and rode off
down the dusty road,
thinking what a wonderful deal
they'd done.
|
| 00:09:33 | >> narrator: IN RETROSPECT,
They could have made much more.
|
| 00:09:35 | ,
the de beers brothers' farm
would eventually produce
14.5 million karats of diamonds.
|
| 00:09:43 | In its infancy,
the diamond business was
a disorganized assortment
of small companies
and individuals staking claims
,,
few possessed the foresight
of british entrepreneur
cecil rhodes.
|
| 00:09:56 | >> His vision was to create
a titanic empire in which
he would control not just
the diamonds in his claim
but the diamonds
in the next claim next door
and the one beyond that
and the one beyond that.
|
| 00:10:06 | >> narrator: RHODES REALIZED
,
the threat of an unrestrained
diamond business.
|
| 00:10:11 | >> Once diamonds started coming
on-line as much as they did
IN THE LATE 1800s,
It was clear to him
that the price of diamonds
was going torarash
if all of the diamonds
ever discovered
were put on market.
|
| 00:10:25 | >> narrator: RHODES BELIEVED
This could be curtailed
by a strictly controlled
worldwide monopoly.
|
| 00:10:30 | For almost a decade,
he gobbled up competitors.
|
| 00:10:34 | In 1888, he founded de beers
consolidated mines,
named after the brothers
,
on whose land
diamonds were discovered.
|
| 00:10:42 | >> And by the age of 35 in 1888,
he controlled 90%
of the world production
of diamonds.
|
| 00:10:50 | The monopoly was charged
with hoarding the diamonds
and controlling the supply
,,
>> we have an idea
that diamonds are rare,
but they're not.
|
| 00:11:01 | What created the value
in diamonds is withholding
the supply, making sure
that the supply is regulated
and there's never a flood
of diamonds on the market.
|
| 00:11:09 | That's one thing
that de beers did
right from the beginning.
|
| 00:11:11 | ,
>> narrator: AS DECADES PASSED,
Demand grew, in part due
to de beers' brilliant
marketing.
|
| 00:11:24 | In 1948, under the direction
of chairman ernest oppenheimer,
de beers launched one of
the most powerful
advertising campaigns
in history.
|
| 00:11:33 | [Jenkins'Palladio]
♪ ♪
|
| 00:11:44 | ,
the words were simple
but convincing.
|
| 00:11:52 | >> His genius was in coming up
with the advertising campaign
that made a diamond synonymous
with human love and,,,
in particular,
the rite of marriage
and engagement,
because he rightly concluded
that he could get people
to pay quite a bit of their--
percentage of their income
to buy a diamond in order
to pledge their love.
|
| 00:12:16 | ,
>> narrator: DE BEERS MANAGED
Its monopoly through the
central selling organization,
since renamed
the diamond trading company.
|
| 00:12:27 | beep!
|
| 00:12:30 | Its london headquarters became
the end destination
for every diamond
de beers mined or bought
on the open market.
|
| 00:12:38 | Even today, the company's rough
is still sorted, valued,
mixed, stockpiled, and sold
here.
|
| 00:12:45 | >> De beers sells its diamonds
in london ten times a year
,
at a sale called a sight,
'cause it's the first sight
you get of the diamonds.
|
| 00:12:54 | >> To this day,
people can't believe
you send the money first,
and then you get your product.
|
| 00:12:58 | But I guess that reiterates
the importance of supply.
|
| 00:13:04 | If you have the goods,
you're king.
|
| 00:13:05 | If you own the mines,
if you own the product,
you're the boss.
|
| 00:13:10 | >> De beers tells them
pretty much
what the price is going to be,
and that's the end of it.
|
| 00:13:15 | You can either pay the price
and go home with the goods
or refuse to pay the price,
and you'll probably never be
,
invited to another sight again.
|
| 00:13:23 | >> narrator: FOR CLOSE
To a century, de beers
controlled approximately 90%
of the world's rough diamonds.
|
| 00:13:29 | But its business model
had drawbacks.
|
| 00:13:32 | >> There was a thought
in de beers
or a policy in de beers
UNTIL THE LATE 1990s
That the company really had
to control most of the diamonds
that were produced in the world.
|
| 00:13:43 | And that meant mopping up
supplies of diamonds,
no matter where they were
produced, no matter how
they came onto the market.
|
| 00:13:53 | ,
>> narrator: IN THE 1990s,
Some were smuggled
into the market
from countries afflicted
by brutal civil wars.
|
| 00:14:00 | And when diamonds became linked
to death and destruction,
an entire industry
would come under fire.
|
| 00:14:07 | >> Until about 1999, de beers
and the diamond industry
were in a state of denial
ON ALL OF THIS.HdHd,,I HAD A HEART PROBLEM.
|
| 00:14:46 | I was told to begin my aspirin regimen.
|
| 00:14:47 | I just didn't listen until I almost lost
my life.
|
| 00:14:49 | ,
my doctor's again ordered meto take aspirin.
|
| 00:14:53 | And I do.
|
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before you begin an aspirin regimen.
|
| 00:14:56 | [ Mike ] LISTEN TO THE DOCTOR.
|
| 00:14:58 | Take it seriously.
|
| 00:15:22 | ,,,,,,,,,,
>> narrator: APPROXIMATELY 60%
Of the world's rough diamonds
come from africa.
|
| 00:18:02 | Botswana and south africa
are rich in underground
,
kimberlite pipes,
making large-scale
industrial mining possible,
profitable, and easily
controllable.
|
| 00:18:13 | >> If you find one of them,
you can just put a fence
around it, dig straight down
like a root canal job,
and haul up the gravel
,,
>> narrator: DIAMOND REVENUES
In these countries have
helped build infrastructures
and national economies.
|
| 00:18:27 | But diamonds in many other
african countries are spread out
like pebbles across thousands
of square miles.
|
| 00:18:35 | Through erosion, rivers have
transported these rough diamonds
for millennia.
|
| 00:18:40 | Mostly mined by individuals,
alluvial deposits have brought
little national benefit.
|
| 00:18:46 | >> You don't need
big companies.
|
| 00:18:47 | You don't need big equipment.
|
| 00:18:49 | They're easy to get at.
|
| 00:18:50 | And they're easy to get at
for rebel armies.
|
| 00:18:53 | >> narrator: ALLUVIAL DEPOSITS
Are prevalent in sierra leone,
the democratic republic of the
congo, and angola,
the country where
conflict diamonds first came
to the world's attention.
|
| 00:19:05 | >> It's got everything.
|
| 00:19:05 | Offshore oil.
|
| 00:19:06 | It's got diamonds.
|
| 00:19:07 | It has all kinds of resources.
|
| 00:19:09 | ,
and it's just a sad, dismal tale
of human greed and of
the most revolting conditions
of exploitation.
|
| 00:19:21 | [artillery firing],,
>> narrator: FOR MORE THAN TWO
Decades, angola suffered through
a seemingly endless civil war.
|
| 00:19:35 | It began in 1975
when colonial power portugal
granted angola independence.
|
| 00:19:41 | ,
the soviet-backed mpla,
the popular movement
for the liberation of angola,
controlled the government
from the capital of luanda.
|
| 00:19:50 | A rival rebel army
called unita, the national
union for the total
independence of angola,
was led by jonas savimbi
and supported by
the united states.
|
| 00:20:03 | After the cold war ended,
superpower aid dwindled
and left both sides stripped
of cash and arms.
|
| 00:20:11 | But angola had natural resources
,
for the taking.
|
| 00:20:15 | The government relied on oil.
|
| 00:20:18 | Unita turned to diamonds.
|
| 00:20:21 | >> AT THE BEGINNING OF THE '90s,
They needed money for arms,
and so they strategically
decided to take over
the diamond mines
in northern angola.
|
| 00:20:29 | >> narrator: IN 1992,,,
Unita rebels seized
60% to 70% of angola's
diamond mines.
|
| 00:20:36 | >> The war was funded,
in one part, by the sale
of diamonds extracted
by people often in conditions
of enslavement.
|
| 00:20:45 | >> narrator: DIAMOND REVENUE
,
bankrolled unita's war machine.
|
| 00:20:49 | [gunfire]
Fierce battles were waged
between the rebels
and government forces.
|
| 00:20:55 | Civilians were often caught
in the cross fire.
|
| 00:20:59 | >> Close to a million people
lost their lives
in the conflict in angola
unnecessarily.
|
| 00:21:04 | >> narrator: THE WAR SPARKED
An investigation
by global witness,
a small, london-based,
nongovernmental organization
that focuses on the links
between human rights abuse
and environmental exploitation.
|
| 00:21:16 | >> Angolan diamonds are some of
the best diamonds in the world.
|
| 00:21:18 | ,
80% of angola's diamonds
are gem quality.
|
| 00:21:21 | These are the diamonds
that everybody wants,
and that was one of the main
problems for angola
and one of the blessings
for unita.
|
| 00:21:31 | >> narrator: UNITA HAD
Little trouble finding buyers
,,
>> unita had a very
sophisticated sales system
in place.
|
| 00:21:39 | Diamond dealers from all over
the diamond-dealing world
would come to unita.
|
| 00:21:44 | They would even form
joint mining partnerships.
|
| 00:21:47 | Those diamonds went straight
into the market in antwerp,
,
and they got an enormous amount
of money for them.
|
| 00:21:53 | 7 Billion worth of diamonds
from angola went through
UNITA'S HANDS DURING THE 1990s.
|
| 00:22:01 | >> narrator: NOT ALL
Transactions involved cash.
|
| 00:22:05 | Arms dealers peddled
old weapon stockpiles
from bulgaria and other
east european countries.
|
| 00:22:12 | >> Arms dealers would fly in
and would directly negotiate
arms for diamonds.
|
| 00:22:16 | They would bring
their diamond evaluator
with them, and there would be
no cash.
|
| 00:22:19 | This was simply
a diamond-for-arms transaction.
|
| 00:22:22 | ,
>> somebody would fly a tank
down to angola
in a russian il-76,
land it on a little
bush strip that couldn't be
picked up by satellite
at night.
|
| 00:22:36 | Down goes the back.
|
| 00:22:37 | Up into the light goes
a guy with a sack of diamonds,,
representing jonas savimbi.
|
| 00:22:43 | Some little guy sits down
with a table, paws through
the sample, decides
what they're worth.
|
| 00:22:47 | Off goes the tank.
|
| 00:22:50 | >> It's the ak-47
that was prevalent in angola
and many of the conflicts
,
in africa but also
sophisticated weaponry systems.
|
| 00:22:58 | At one stage,
UNITA EVEN HAD MiG PLANES.
|
| 00:23:00 | And all these were, you know,
funded partially by diamonds.
|
| 00:23:06 | >> narrator: DESPITE A 1994
-brokered peace agreement
that promised
a national unity government,
hostilities continued.
|
| 00:23:16 | Then in 1998,
security council
imposed sanctions banning
the export and trade of diamonds
not certified by its government.
|
| 00:23:26 | >> It was a total failure.
|
| 00:23:27 | ,
there was no attempt
to implement it.
|
| 00:23:30 | Even the angolan government
who was war with unita
accepted diamonds
from unita areas
and exported them as their own.
|
| 00:23:37 | >> narrator: AT THE END
Of 1998, global witness
released the findings
of its conflict diamond
investigation in an expose,,
entitleda rough trade.
|
| 00:23:48 | >> The reaction
that global witness received
from the publication
of our report in '98
was explosive.
|
| 00:23:54 | Nobody understood
what was really happening,
the impact of these diamonds
being sold so openly,
so easily in exchange
for millions of dollars.
|
| 00:24:03 | Really, for us, it was horrific
that consumers were basically
funding the war in angola,
and we felt that was
unacceptable.
|
| 00:24:11 | >> narrator: A STINGING
Indictment of the
diamond industry,
the report's greatest criticism
was leveled at industry giant
de beers.
|
| 00:24:19 | >> De beers was very prominent
in buying angolan diamonds
and also diamonds that came
from unita.
|
| 00:24:26 | >> narrator: AS PROOF,
Global witness cited de beers'
annual reports.
|
| 00:24:31 | >> From 1992 to 1997,
in every annual report,
they talked about their outside
buying power, how strong
they were on the market
to buy up these diamonds
that were flooding
onto the market
that would have threatened
the price stability
of the diamond trade.
|
| 00:24:46 | >> narrator: DE BEERS DEFENDS
,,
>> well, first of all, de bes,s,
to make it absolutely clear,
has never bought
conflict diamonds.
|
| 00:24:53 | DURING THE '90s, WE WERE WORKING
In partnership
with the official government
in luanda, purchasing diamonds,
exporting, paying revenues,
et cetera.
|
| 00:25:03 | ,
>> narrator: THEY DISPUTE
The definition of "conflict"
tied to diamonds purchased
before 1998.
|
| 00:25:10 | >> So up until the point
of sanctions being imposed,
there was, by definition,
no conflict diamonds
in that country.
|
| 00:25:17 | >> The diamond industry likes
to think that conflict diamonds
only started in 1999,
when, in fact, it was going
on way before that.
|
| 00:25:23 | >> Prior to the imposition
of sanctions, everybody
in the world was still
very hopeful that
the unita rebels would engage
in a lasting, sustainable peace.
|
| 00:25:34 | Unfortunately, in retrospect,
,
we can see that that hope
was in vain.
|
| 00:25:39 | And when it was recognized
that the rebels inngola
were no longer going
to participate
in any significant way
in building peace
in that country,
the united nations imposed
sanctions, and de beers
immediately, swiftly,,,
and effectively started working
with the united nations
to ensure that those sanctions
were fully implemented.
|
| 00:26:00 | >> narrator: IN OCTOBER 1999,
De beers announced plans
to close its angolan
buying offices.
|
| 00:26:08 | ,
to those personally affected
by the war, the definition
of a conflict diamond
matters little.
|
| 00:26:16 | >> The human cost
for conflict diamonds
in angola, in particular,
is very plain to see.
|
| 00:26:22 | You only have to look
at the amputees walking
in luanda.
|
| 00:26:26 | Angola was one of the most
heavily land mined countries
in the world and still is,
and people are still losing
their lives as a result.
|
| 00:26:40 | ,
>> narrator: THE KNOWLEDGE
That diamonds were funding
the loss of life and limb
in angola did little
to stop the carnage.
|
| 00:26:50 | And when another african nation
descended into chaos,
diamonds would once again
be linked to a human tragedy
,,
>> they would go into towns.
|
| 00:27:00 | They would drag people
out of their houses.
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,,
>> narrator: SCATTERED
Throughout eastern and southern
sierra leone are hundreds
of square miles of soil
abundant in rough diamonds.
|
| 00:31:10 | >> The real underlying problem
where conflict diamonds were
concerned is the uncontrolled
nature of diamond digging
in countries where you have
alluvial diamonds.
|
| 00:31:20 | >> narrator: EASILY ACCESSIBLE
To opportunists,
corrupt governments,
and rebel armies,
diamonds have colored much
of sierra leone's past
and nearly destroyed
a proud nation founded
on principles of freedom.
|
| 00:31:39 | ,
in 1462, a portuguese explorer
came upon a stunning stretch
of africa's western coast
crowned by steep hills.
|
| 00:31:50 | >> He said they looked
like a crouching lion,
and so he gave the name
serra lyoa.
|
| 00:31:56 | Over the years, that name
has been changed
to what we know it today as
sierra leone.
|
| 00:32:01 | >> narrator: SIERRA LEONE PLAYED
A leading role in the thriving
18th-CENTURY SLAVE TRADE.
|
| 00:32:07 | It was from here that the famed
slaves of theamistadrevolt
set sail.
|
| 00:32:11 | ,
conversely, the country also
attracted the attention
of british abolitionists.
|
| 00:32:18 | They helped bring freed slaves
from the united states,
great britain, and canada
to sierra leone.
|
| 00:32:25 | The liberated slaves
were settled in a coastal town
called the province of freedom,
later renamed freetown,
the capital of sierra leone.
|
| 00:32:36 | >> A lot of ex-slaves
were brought here, and these
mixed with the local population.
|
| 00:32:41 | And it was quite
a vibrant place.
|
| 00:32:42 | Over time, there was a lot
,
of intermingling
among these settlers,
which gave rise
to a totally new culture
in west africa
known as the krio culture.
|
| 00:32:52 | >> narrator: AS A BRITISH
Colony, freetown became
a center of education
and progressive ideas.
|
| 00:32:59 | The rest of the country
remained mostly undeveloped,,
until 1930, when diamonds were
discovered.
|
| 00:33:06 | >> And since then,
diamonds have continued to play
a very big role in our economy.
|
| 00:33:12 | >> narrator: A SINGLE COMPANY,
The sierra leone selection
trust, the slst, was issued
,
exclusive mining rights.
|
| 00:33:21 | Quickly, an illicit network
of diamond miners
and smugglers developed.
|
| 00:33:26 | Contraband rough
was secretly carried
into liberia and guinea.
|
| 00:33:32 | >> Monrovia, liberia, became
a bit of a boomtown
as diamond purchasers
from european houses realized
the wealth of cheap diamonds
that were available in monrovia.
|
| 00:33:45 | >> narrator: IN THE EARLY 1950s,
New diamond deposits
were discovered.
|
| 00:33:49 | >> In 1955, there was this great
diamond rush where everybody
went to the diamond mines
in search of quick wealth.
|
| 00:33:57 | So the monopoly
that slst had was threatened.
|
| 00:34:00 | >> When I lived there
IN THE '60s,
The sierra leone selection trust
,,
they had two helicopters,
and they had trucks.
|
| 00:34:09 | And their whole business
was to round up illicit diggers.
|
| 00:34:13 | >> narrator: DESPITE WIDESPREAD
Smuggling, sierra leone
officially exported
a lucrative 2 million karats
of diamonds a year.
|
| 00:34:20 | ,
the revenue was critical
after great britain ended
its colonial rule.
|
| 00:34:27 | >> When sierra leone got
independence in 1961,
the prospects looked
pretty good.
|
| 00:34:31 | It had a fairly good
infrastructure.
|
| 00:34:33 | There was a railroad.
|
| 00:34:34 | There was a network of highways.
|
| 00:34:35 | There were schools.
|
| 00:34:37 | There was a university.
|
| 00:34:38 | But many of the institutions
were very, very fragile.
|
| 00:34:43 | >> narrator: SIERRA LEONE'S
Decline began in 1967
when siaka stevens became
prime minister.
|
| 00:34:50 | >> He, over time, embarked
on a highly centralized
one-party form of government
which adversely affected
the living standards
of the people.
|
| 00:35:01 | Important institutions
in this country--
like the military, the police--
were all corrupted
and politicized.
|
| 00:35:11 | >> narrator: THE GOVERNMENT
Claimed 51% of the sierra leone
selection trust's shares.
|
| 00:35:17 | >> Gradually, the diamond
industry was nationalized.
|
| 00:35:20 | The government brought in
all kinds of shady characters.
|
| 00:35:23 | They brought in american mafia.
|
| 00:35:25 | ,
there were just
an incredible range of
very, very bad people involved
in the diamond business.
|
| 00:35:31 | Official diamond exports went
from, you know,
$200 million, $300 million
a year down to almost nothing.
|
| 00:35:39 | >> narrator: OVER THE NEXT
Two decades, funding
for social services evaporated.
|
| 00:35:45 | Education, health care,
and infrastructure collapsed.
|
| 00:35:48 | The press and social dissent
were restricted.
|
| 00:35:52 | >> Pretty soon, you had
a state in free-fall.
|
| 00:35:56 | A lot of young students,
,
university students
were radicalized
during this time
and by this experience.
|
| 00:36:02 | And they formed a kind of
an opposition that fed
into the early days
of the rebel movement
that started up
IN THE EARLY '90s.
|
| 00:36:10 | >> narrator: ONE OF
The rebel leaders
was former army corporal
foday sankoh.
|
| 00:36:29 | ,Thth
>> narrator: SANKOH ALLIED
Himself with a vicious rebel
just across sierra leone's
border.
|
| 00:36:49 | >> We will fight street
to street, house to house,
and we'll defeat them.
|
| 00:36:53 | >> Charles taylor from liberia
had a big plan to create
greater liberia.
|
| 00:36:58 | And that really involved
attacking sierra leone.
|
| 00:37:01 | But also, he had
,
a strategic need to take over
the diamond fields
in sierra leone to pay
for his own war and to pay
for the war in sierra leone.
|
| 00:37:09 | >> No master!
|
| 00:37:10 | >> all: NO SLAVE.
|
| 00:37:11 | >> No slave!
|
| 00:37:12 | Nothing.
|
| 00:37:13 | You have to do it
for yourself.
|
| 00:37:15 | >> narrator: TOGETHER,
Taylor and sankoh gave birth
to the nascent sierra leonean
,
the revolutionary united front.
|
| 00:37:25 | [all chanting]
>> Charles taylor promised them
that after his own war,
he's going to help them
to create a revolution
in sierra leone.
|
| 00:37:34 | ,
>> narrator: IN 1989,
Taylor and his followers
launched a civil war in liberia.
|
| 00:37:41 | Sankoh set up a base
in western liberia
along sierra leone's border.
|
| 00:37:47 | From there, he began to recruit
and train his army.
|
| 00:37:51 | Sankoh'soot soldieiers
ATATEDED HdD D LYLY I IOCOCTiTi Mhines)VEloia
ey 5
KNOWN ASTHLLER."KIKIHdHd
They decided to sacrifice
soone.
|
| 00:40:06 | They brought a lady
from the limba ethnic group,
and she wakikilled.
|
| 00:40:13 | >> narrator: ILLUSIONS OF
as liberating heroes
,
were soon dispelled.
|
| 00:40:18 | Terrified citizens
fled villages and towns.
|
| 00:40:21 | By november 1993,
more than 370,000 had been
displaced.
|
| 00:40:28 | had achieved
one of its objectives:
To drive away much of
the population from
sierra leone's diamond fields.
|
| 00:40:44 | >> narrator: IN THE COMING
Years, diamond resources
would fund a campaign
,
of unparalleled terror,
and diamond mines
would be transformed
into forced labor camps.
|
| 00:40:55 | >> Many of the people working
in the diamond fields
..
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>> narrator: BEFORE THE START
Of the rebel war, usman conteh
was a typical sierra leonean
teenager.
|
| 00:45:08 | But when he was just 17,
usman was abducted
raid
on his hometown of magburaka.
|
| 00:45:14 | ,
>> [speaking native language]
>> male translator: WE WERE
In a motorcar, in a truck,
I thought that since
we had been captured,
they were going to kill us.
|
| 00:45:34 | They brought us here to suffer.
|
| 00:45:37 | They told us to mine.
|
| 00:45:41 | >> narrator: DIAMOND FIELDS
Were turned into
-controlled
forced labor camps
staffed by thousands
,
of captured civilians.
|
| 00:45:51 | >> It was day and night,
day and night.
|
| 00:45:55 | They would kill us
if you tried to rest.
|
| 00:46:01 | You'd have to go
to the toilet right there,,,
where we worked.
|
| 00:46:07 | >> Physical exhaustion
was very commonplace.
|
| 00:46:12 | In fact, it was a tactic
to wear out
the miners so that
they wouldn't be inclined
,
>> there wasn't enough food.
|
| 00:46:24 | They gave usgari.
|
| 00:46:26 | We were slaves.
|
| 00:46:31 | If you decided to leave
to find something to eat
and you were caught,
you would be killed.
|
| 00:46:38 | >> narrator: REBELS HOVERED
Over each captive,
guarding against theft.
|
| 00:46:50 | ,
>> sometime when we were
working, someone took a diamond
,,
they asked him for it,
but he denied taking it.
|
| 00:47:13 | So he was interrogated,
and when he insisted
not taking it,
he was shot and killed.
|
| 00:47:20 | He would now have to give it
to them in the hereafter.
|
| 00:47:23 | ,
>> narrator: OFF THE SWEAT
Of enslaved miners like usman,
rough diamonds poured in
from the fields and were
whisked out of the country
along smuggling routes
established decades before.
|
| 00:47:38 | >> They would be taken
by trusted couriers
and would go by land, by foot,
across the border
and would go to monrovia.
|
| 00:47:47 | >> narrator: LOCKED
In his own civil war,
liberian warlord charles taylor
helped facilitate
the illicit flow
of conflict diamonds.
|
| 00:47:55 | ,
>> he supported the
revolutionary united front
in sierra leone.
|
| 00:48:00 | He supported them because it was
a way of destabilizing
strong elements in the region.
|
| 00:48:05 | And it was also a way
of paying for his war.
|
| 00:48:08 | >> narrator: R.U.F.-MINED
Diamonds simultaneously funded
,,
one in liberia,
the other in sierra leone.
|
| 00:48:27 | ,
long-barreled rifles,
surface-to-air missiles,
helicopters, helicopter parts.
|
| 00:48:37 | Ammunition was often delivered
in million-block orders.
|
| 00:48:42 | >> narrator: R.U.F. CONTROL
Of sierra leone's diamonds
served another
strategic purpose.
|
| 00:48:56 | >> narrator: LITTLE
Of the dwindling state revenue
went to the military.
|
| 00:49:01 | Many disgruntled soldiers turned
against the government.
|
| 00:49:05 | >> The soldiers were not really
able to effectively prosecute
the war.
|
| 00:49:08 | And a lot of them became
sobels--that is,
soldier come rebels.
|
| 00:49:14 | And so that's complicated
the whole situation
in the war front.
|
| 00:49:19 | >> The soldiers were joining
forces with the rebels
and were attacking towns,
were raping women,
were killing people.
|
| 00:49:25 | >> Stop!
|
| 00:49:26 | >> Stop!
|
| 00:49:26 | >> narrator: WITH NO ONE
To protect civilians,
in 1992, a warrior sect
of the sierra leone mende tribe
known as the kamajors
took up armsgagainst the r.u.f.
|
| 00:49:39 | >> That was the reason why
we had civil militia:
Because people were complaining
that their houses, their
villages were being razed
by military men,
not even rebels.
|
| 00:49:57 | >> narrator: AS ANARCHY REIGNED,
Children became emblematic
of the conflict's human tragedy.
|
| 00:50:04 | ,
many were killed.
|
| 00:50:08 | Others did the killing.
|
| 00:50:10 | >> I think the number
of child soldiers,
from our estimates,
was something like 20,000,
which was quite high.
|
| 00:50:16 | The age range was something
like 7 years to 12 years,,,
which is quite young.
|
| 00:50:24 | And most of these child soldiers
were very, very aggressive.
|
| 00:50:28 | >> narrator: TO PROVOKE
Violent behavior,
forced drugs
and alcohol upon child soldiers.
|
| 00:50:36 | ,
the majority of indentured
children were boys,
but girls were also targeted.
|
| 00:50:42 | They served as cooks,
sex slaves, and soldiers.
|
| 00:50:47 | >> [speaking in native language]
>> female translator: THEY
Took me away, and I was
sexually abused.
|
| 00:50:52 | They gave me a gun,
but I didn't know how to use it,
so I just held onto it.
|
| 00:50:59 | >> narrator: LOVETTE FREEMAN
Was 14 when she was abducted
by the r.u.f.
|
| 00:51:05 | >> I did what they wanted me
to do, because if I refused,
,
they would threaten me
with a knife.
|
| 00:51:14 | I did bad things.
|
| 00:51:17 | We went to a house to loot,
and I was in front.
|
| 00:51:22 | They all waited in the back
while I knocked on the door.
|
| 00:51:25 | A woman opened the door,
and I pointed the gun at her.
|
| 00:51:30 | She staggered back,
and we entered the house.
|
| 00:51:33 | I took the woman's baby
from the house
and took her away with me.
|
| 00:51:38 | I abducted her.
|
| 00:51:41 | ,
she later died, and I felt
so sorry for that baby.
|
| 00:51:49 | >> narrator: CHILDREN
Were often required
to terrorize their own families.
|
| 00:51:55 | >> They would abduct
young boys and girls,
force them to kill
their own people.
|
| 00:52:02 | And after that, they would say,
"
and then they would use
these little boys
as front soldiers
to attack other areas.
|
| 00:52:13 | ,
>> there were platoons' worth
of child soldiers who knew,
really, no parent figures
except for those who were
their commanders in their units.
|
| 00:52:25 | >> narrator: BY THE END OF 1994,
Much of sierra leone had
,,
,
sierra leone's ineffectual
government hired a south african
mercenary company
called executive outcomes
to restore order.
|
| 00:52:43 | The soldiers f h hire
were promised diamonds as pay.
|
| 00:52:45 | ,
>> executive outcomes had
an effective airpower,
which they used
to their advantage
in the diamond area.
|
| 00:52:55 | They had one big aim:
To clear those areas of rebels,
because their whole pay
depended on that.
|
| 00:53:03 | >> narrator: EXECUTIVE OUTCOMES
Quickly accomplished
what no one else
in sierra leone could.
|
| 00:53:09 | In just one month,
out of
most of the diamond-rich east.
|
| 00:53:15 | A resulting peace,
albeit tenuous, allowed
,
for elections in 1996.
|
| 00:53:21 | refused
to participate.
|
| 00:53:26 | Former united nations official
ahmad tejan kabbah
was elected president.
|
| 00:53:32 | >> Ahmad tejan kabbah campaigned
,,
they would help end the war
and return this country
to normalcy.
|
| 00:53:39 | >> Enough is enough.
|
| 00:53:40 | We should really try and stop
the decline of our country.
|
| 00:53:45 | >> narrator: THE NEW PRESIDENT
Initiated negotiations
with the r.u.f.
|
| 00:53:50 | ,
but hopes for peace
quickly dimmed.
|
| 00:53:55 | ,
kabbah terminated the contract
of executive outcomes.
|
| 00:54:00 | With no effective military force
to stop them,
the r.u.f. relaunched its war.
|
| 00:54:06 | said
that it was fighting
against military rule,
and they were for democracy,
and they wanted peace
and development,
but when the military government
left power and there was
an elected government,
they kept on fighting.
|
| 00:54:22 | ,
>> narrator: TO PUNISH THOSE
would soon
EXACT HORRIFIC RETRIBUTION.,,s)s) Blood Dia,,,,,,,,,,,,
>> narrator: IN 1996,
The war in sierra leone
,,
illicit diamonds had helped
sustain a conflict
that might have otherwise
ended quickly.
|
| 00:58:39 | >> The amount of money
made
from the diamonds
in sierra leone is between
$50 million to $125 million per
annum during the time period
that they had control
over the diamond fields.
|
| 00:58:50 | >> narrator: WITH REBELS
Well armed and funded,
the war's remaining years
would be marked
brutality
that defied comprehension.
|
| 00:59:03 | In response to the 1996 election
of president tejan kabbah,
amputation became
a rebel tactic
of intimidation and revenge.
|
| 00:59:15 | [woman speaking native language]
>> female translator: THEY
Called us bastards
and tejan kabbah supporters.
|
| 00:59:20 | ,
they said, "today will be
the last day you meddle
"
they ordered me to stretch
my hand.
|
| 00:59:30 | I pleaded with them
in the name of god.
|
| 00:59:32 | I told them, "right now,
I have my children.
|
| 00:59:36 | ,,
and I am the head
"
they mocked me, saying,
"stretch your hand
"
>> residents were often asked,
"would you like to have
short sleeves or long sleeves,"
which was code for, "do you want
your hand chopped off
"
>> narrator: IN 1997,
Kumba mbindie, her husband,
and young son fled
attacked
their hometown near kono.
|
| 01:00:08 | >> [speaking in native language]
>> female translator: WE LEFT
There and moved to tumbudu.
|
| 01:00:14 | When we got there,
they were still chasing us,
so we stayed in the woods.
|
| 01:00:20 | At that time, I was
four months pregnant.
|
| 01:00:24 | >> narrator: THE R.U.F. CAPTURED
The family.
|
| 01:00:25 | ,
kumba's husband was dragged
into the jungle.
|
| 01:00:32 | Three rebels accosted kumba.
|
| 01:00:37 | >> I pleaded with him,
but he started undressing me.
|
| 01:00:40 | ,,
I continued to plead
that I was pregnant,
but he responded by saying
that wasn't his doing.
|
| 01:00:50 | He went into the farmhouse,
came out with a stick,
and inserted it right into me.
|
| 01:00:56 | I started bleeding.
|
| 01:00:57 | ,
he was going to split
my stomach open
and remove my baby.
|
| 01:01:04 | >> narrator: KUMBA'S HUSBAND
Emerged from the jungle.
|
| 01:01:11 | >> Blood was spraying
from his wrist area.
|
| 01:01:14 | He yelled, "they cut
"
so I kept thinking, "they cut
my husband's hands off.
|
| 01:01:22 | "
I asked him why they cut
his hands off.
|
| 01:01:28 | He said they told him
,
they did it because he voted
for tejan kabbah,
that it was a lesson
,,th
>> narrator: FOR THE FIRST HALF
Of the war, the capital
of freetown was mostly spared
of r.u.f. atrocities.
|
| 01:02:09 | Then in may 1997, soldiers
from the sierra leone army
overthrew president kabbah.
|
| 01:02:16 | The new military junta
invited the rebels
into freetown as allies.
|
| 01:02:22 | Almost immediately,
pillaged the city
in what they called
operation pay yourself.
|
| 01:02:29 | >> These guys devised
some new but wicked strategies,
and one of them was
,
operation pay yourself, where
they would harass civilians,
take whatever property
they had, and use that property
for their own ends.
|
| 01:02:48 | >> We went house to house,
looting.
|
| 01:02:51 | We took belongings,
demanded money, and sometimes
killed two or three
of their family members.
|
| 01:02:59 | [people yelling]
>> It was a war of stealing,
grabbing, and taking illegally
what you never worked for.
|
| 01:03:14 | >> narrator: BUT AFTER ENDURING
Three decades of almost constant
military rule, freetown citizens
took to the streets in protest.
|
| 01:03:23 | >> The general public refused
to give them the support.
|
| 01:03:25 | People refused to send
their kids to school.
|
| 01:03:28 | People refused to go to work.
|
| 01:03:38 | ,
>> narrator: IN FREETOWN,
The only army fit enough
to fight the rebels
was ecomog, a nigerian-led
west african intervention force
,,
they ousted the junta,
reinstated president kabbah,
out
of freetown.
|
| 01:04:03 | >> They now realized,
painfully realized that it was
really not possible for them
to stay in freetown permanently
and rule.
|
| 01:04:11 | ,
and since that was not going
to be possible,
all sierra leoneans
will suffer as a consequence.
|
| 01:04:19 | While they are retreating,
they made sure they destroyed
everything that was
on its way:
Human beings, buildings.
|
| 01:04:27 | You know, clearing like locusts
anything that was in their way.
|
| 01:04:31 | >> People were so frightened.
|
| 01:04:33 | People were panicked.
|
| 01:04:34 | There were people who had been
killed.
|
| 01:04:36 | There were reports of villages
set ablaze, towns wiped
by the rebels,
children abducted.
|
| 01:04:43 | ,
>> narrator: THE R.U.F. RETREAT
Took them east, where,
by the end of 1998, they again
seized the diamond fields.
|
| 01:04:58 | The rebels rearmed,
and in january 1999,
they marched back into freetown.
|
| 01:05:04 | This time, it was little more
than a murderous rampage.
|
| 01:05:08 | >> It was the most brutal
experience that I witnessed.
|
| 01:05:12 | People were being forced
into their houses.
|
| 01:05:14 | This was the time
,
I had to go into hiding.
|
| 01:05:18 | [gunfire]
You hear people being shot at.
|
| 01:05:23 | You hear people crying,
rebels attacking them,
women being brutalized.
|
| 01:05:30 | They were being raped
in front of their children,
in front of their husbands,
in front of their
family members.
|
| 01:05:39 | >> narrator: ECOMOG FORCES
Still in freetown launched
a fierce defense of the city.
|
| 01:05:44 | But unable to always distinguish
rebels from civilians,
,
citizens at times fell victim
to indiscriminate
ecomog aggression.
|
| 01:05:55 | >> Freetown was hell,
to put it very crudely.
|
| 01:06:00 | There was complete
anarchy and instability
,,
>> narrator: THE FREETOWN
Massacre lasted just two weeks
before ecomog again drove
the r.u.f. out of the capital.
|
| 01:06:16 | But by then, 6,000 people
had perished.
|
| 01:06:20 | ,
corpses piled up outside
freetown's connaught hospital.
|
| 01:06:27 | >> The dead bodies that I saw,
perhaps up to the day I die,
I pray not to see
that many dead people.
|
| 01:06:40 | >> narrator: AND A ONCE VIBRANT
City was in ruins.
|
| 01:06:48 | Sierra leone's cruel war
was about to end.
|
| 01:06:52 | ,
and a shocking link
connecting death and diamonds
WAS ABOUT TO BE EXPOSED.,,1h1h - Blood Dia,,TWO
Weeks.
|
| 01:07:52 | Whiten your smile.
|
| 01:07:52 | I've got it.
|
| 01:07:54 | ..no coffee...
|
| 01:07:55 | [ Female Announcer ]
New crest 3d white toothpaste
removes up to 80% of surface
stains in just two weeks.
|
| 01:08:01 | What did I tell ya.
|
| 01:08:03 | [ Female Announcer ]
New crest 3d white toothpaste.
|
| 01:08:15 | ,,,,,,
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decades.
|
| 01:09:53 | Meg whitman has the values,the strength and
the skill
to lead californiaback to greatness.
|
| 01:09:58 | The governor's race has onlyone real fiscal
conservative
who will protect taxpayersand preserve proposition
13.
|
| 01:10:06 | A leader with the integrityand proven skills
to bring california back.
|
| 01:10:11 | Meg whitman.
|
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|
| 01:10:13 | Meg whitman.
|
| 01:10:14 | Strong.
|
| 01:10:15 | Fiscal conservative.
|
| 01:10:17 | A leader.
|
| 01:10:18 | ♪♪ ♪♪
|
| 01:10:59 | >> narrator: IN THE AFTERMATH
assaults
on freetown in 1999,,,
the international community,
largely absent to this point,
pushed diplomacy.
|
| 01:11:10 | With the united states
and united nations as brokers,
warring parties met
in lome, togo, in july 1999
and signed a peace agreement.
|
| 01:11:20 | >> It called for complete
cessation of hostilities
from all parties.
|
| 01:11:23 | ,
it also granted amnesty
to all the fighting forces,
including the r.u.f.
|
| 01:11:31 | It also called
for some power sharing.
|
| 01:11:34 | >> The lome peace accord was
probably one of the worst things
that had been done in africa
in many, many, many years.
|
| 01:11:45 | >> narrator: THE CHIEF
Beneficiary of the lome accord
was imprisoned rebel leader
foday sankoh.
|
| 01:11:51 | The architect
war crimes
was handed the vice presidency.
|
| 01:11:55 | ,
>> people said, "there will
never be a military solution
to this.
|
| 01:12:00 | There has to be
"
the political solution
was to give the vice presidency
of the country to a butcher.
|
| 01:12:11 | >> narrator: AS VICE PRESIDENT,
Sankoh was granted
official oversight of
sierra leone's diamond fields,
the very objective
he sought through war.
|
| 01:12:23 | Sankoh also conspired
to overthrow the government.
|
| 01:12:27 | >> When you're dealing
with a group as anarchic
,
it was very unlikely
that they were ever going
to settle for half the cake.
|
| 01:12:38 | They wanted full power.
|
| 01:12:40 | >> They still wanted
the top-most position.
|
| 01:12:42 | Foday sankoh still wanted
to become president,
of this country.
|
| 01:12:47 | >> narrator: THE R.U.F. WAS
Countered by a 6,000-strong
peacekeeping force
dispatched in october 1999.
|
| 01:12:55 | But for almost one year,
peacekeepers simply avoided
the eastern diamond fields
,
still controlled by the r.u.f.
|
| 01:13:09 | Halfway across the world,
a canadian ngo called
partnership africa canada
was working on peace-building
projects for sierra leone.
|
| 01:13:19 | >> One of the sierra leoneans
in the group said, "this thing
is really about diamonds.
|
| 01:13:23 | Until somebody does something
about diamonds, this thing
"
we began to research
the subject, and, sure enough,
diamonds really were
the heart of the matter.
|
| 01:13:32 | >> narrator: IN JANUARY 2000,
Partnership africa canada
published a scathing report
that exposed how diamonds funded
's brutal war
and human rights atrocities.
|
| 01:13:44 | One of those implicated
was charles taylor,
who had been elected
,,
>> we found very clear evidence
that a lot of the diamonds
were being moved
from sierra leone
through monrovia,
through the offices
of charles taylor
and his cronies, out into
the bigger diamond world.
|
| 01:14:02 | >> narrator: THE REPORT CHARGED
De beers with being a part
,
of the conflict diamond problem.
|
| 01:14:07 | De beers had closed
its sierra leone office in 1985.
|
| 01:14:11 | But because of the company's
long-held practice
of buying up the majority
of rough diamonds
on the open market,
the report concluded it was
virtually inconceivable
that de beers was not
indirectly purchasing
sierra leone conflict diamonds.
|
| 01:14:27 | >> If you can't buy them
in the country where
they're mined, then
you buy them somewhere else.
|
| 01:14:31 | In the end, they're all going
to go into the same pot.
|
| 01:14:34 | So certainly, they were buying
diamonds that had been smuggled
,
from a whole variety of places.
|
| 01:14:40 | >> De beers itself did not buy
any sierra leone diamonds
from 1985 onwards.
|
| 01:14:44 | But clearly, there were
problems in terms
of those diamonds
from that country getting
into certain channels,
being smuggled, and getting
,,
>> narrator: LIBERIA WAS
The first stop
for most diamonds smuggled
out of sierra leone.
|
| 01:14:59 | It also was a favorite hub
for smugglers looking
to launder illicit rough
flowing from other
african countries.
|
| 01:15:06 | >> In a two-year period,
over $2 billion worth
of diamonds had come
into antwerp,
supposedly from liberia.
|
| 01:15:13 | >> Yet none of these diamonds
came from liberi
liberia itself has
very few diamonds.
|
| 01:15:18 | This is a country that can't
produce $10 million worth
of diamonds a year.
|
| 01:15:22 | >> These were recorded
as official figures
coming into belgium,
official belgian trade figures.
|
| 01:15:27 | But all of these figures
were being recorded
without anybody batting an eye.
|
| 01:15:32 | Nobody was asking any questions.
|
| 01:15:34 | There was no regulation.
|
| 01:15:35 | There was no control
of any kind.
|
| 01:15:37 | >> narrator: ILLICIT
Rough diamonds entered antwerp
often accompanied
by fraudulent paperwork
,
printed on fake letterhead
of fictitious companies.
|
| 01:15:45 | >> You would arrive
at belgian customs,
and you would have an invoice
saying that you bought
these diamonds in liberia.
|
| 01:15:50 | You could have bought them
anywhere.
|
| 01:15:53 | >> narrator: THE REPORT
Also showed that invoices
were often falsified
by listing a diamond shipment's
last country of transport
and not its country of origin.
|
| 01:16:05 | >> Many, many diamonds went
through swiss free ports,
and so these were declared
as swiss diamonds.
|
| 01:16:09 | Switzerland, of course,
doesn't have any diamonds.
|
| 01:16:12 | >> narrator: AS NEGATIVE PRESS
About conflict diamonds spread,
the industry took notice.
|
| 01:16:18 | De beers was the first to act.
|
| 01:16:21 | >> De beers began to recognize
that this was a real issue.
|
| 01:16:24 | And as the industry leader,
they would have to make
some changes in the way
they do business.
|
| 01:16:29 | >> They realized
that they actually had
to do something.
|
| 01:16:32 | For whatever reasons,
whether it was altruistic
or whether it was to protect
the good name of diamonds,
they did become involved.
|
| 01:16:38 | >> narrator: IN 2000,
De beers stopped buying diamonds
on the open market.
|
| 01:16:43 | >> De beers was probably
more aware
of the conflict diamond issue
,
than others and basically said
they would only buy diamonds
from mines that they controlled
or had a share in
so they knew exactly where
the diamonds came from.
|
| 01:16:55 | >> And when we look
at the absolute tragedy
that was going on
in sierra leone,
this shocked the world,
and it shocked
,,
and we very quickly wanted
to become part of the solution
in putting an end to this.
|
| 01:17:08 | Diamonds should have nothing
to do with these kind
of activities.
|
| 01:17:11 | Of that, we were adamant.
|
| 01:17:14 | >> narrator: FOR AN INDUSTRY
That had changed little
over a century, a seismic shift
had been started.
|
| 01:17:22 | >> The awareness
of conflict diamonds was
probably the biggest change
to the diamond industry
almost from the beginning.
|
| 01:17:30 | >> narrator: AT THE SAME TIME
As partnership africa canada
exposed the link
between diamonds
and the sierra leone conflict,
the tenuous peace there
unraveled.
|
| 01:17:40 | >> For the first few months,
there was some relative peace.
|
| 01:17:43 | Soon, the rebels began attacking
important areas.
|
| 01:17:47 | They began attacking people.
|
| 01:17:50 | >> narrator: BUT THIS TIME,
,
the r.u.f. would be crushed.
|
| 01:17:54 | In may 2000, a small
but heavily armed
british intervention force
landed on the shores
of sierra leone.
|
| 01:18:02 | The united nations beefed up
its forcto more
,,
together, they routed
remaining r.u.f. strongholds.
|
| 01:18:12 | f was stripped
of power, and its leader,
foday sankoh, was arrested.
|
| 01:18:20 | On january 18, 2002,
,
president ahmad tejan kabbah
officially declared the end
of one of the most brutal
civil wars of the 20th century.
|
| 01:18:32 | >> Today we're happy
that those flames of war
have been extinguished
and that now we are about
to watch the flames of peace
destroy some of the implements
of war.
|
| 01:18:50 | >> narrator: FOUR MONTHS LATER,
Sierra leoneans freely went
to the polls.
|
| 01:18:55 | ,
president kabbah was easily
reelected.
|
| 01:19:01 | Hundreds of citizens
whose hands had been severed
to keep them from voting
,,
in sierra leone and angola,
the atrocities funded in part
by illicit diamonds
had been exposed.
|
| 01:19:19 | But a shocking new allegation
was about to be leveled.
|
| 01:19:26 | >> The connection between
,
al-qaeda and diamonds first came
to my attention shortly after
THE 9/11 ATTACKS.1h1h - Blood Dia,,,,,,,,,,,,ONE
..
|
| 01:22:55 | To support energy,immunity,,
and your inner child.
|
| 01:23:00 | ♪♪♪
|
| 01:23:01 | ONE A DAY VitaCraves.
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| 01:23:02 | ..for grown-ups.
|
| 01:23:18 | >> narrator: ON THE MORNING
Of november 2, 2001,
readers ofthe washington post
awoke to a front page story
connecting the trade
of illicit diamonds
to the world's most notorious
,,
>> there's strong evidence
that there were al-qaeda
operatives in liberia
and that they went
to sierra leone
IN THE LATE 1990s AND THAT
They were buying diamonds.
|
| 01:23:43 | >> narrator: THE REVELATION CAME
By chance to doug farah,
then the chief of thepost's
west africa bureau.
|
| 01:23:51 | Farah was in ghana,
meeting with a longtime
confidential source,
a member of charles taylor's
inner circle.
|
| 01:23:59 | >> He was looking
at anewsweekmagazine
that had come out just after
the 9/11 attacks.
|
| 01:24:03 | And they had a list
of the fbi's most wanted
on a two-page spread.
|
| 01:24:06 | And he suddenly went pale,
and he said, "i know
these two guys
"
I said, "what do you mean,
"
he said, "i sold diamonds
to them earlier this year.
|
| 01:24:15 | I was with these people
"
"
>> narrator: THE MEN
Farah's source identified
were key al-qaeda operatives.
|
| 01:24:24 | >> Two of the gentlemen,
ghailani and fazul mohammed,
were identified as being
involved in the east african
embassy bombings.
|
| 01:24:33 | And abdullah ahmed abdullah
was a fairly senior
financial officer
within al-qaeda.
|
| 01:24:40 | >> narrator: FARAH'S SOURCE
Described several
face-to-face meetings
,
between al-qaeda and the r.u.f.
|
| 01:24:46 | >> They had had a meeting
in june and july of 2001
in monrovia to negotiate
a monopoly agreement to buy
the entire diamond harvest
of the r.u.f. that year.
|
| 01:24:56 | And one of the incentives
they gave was to pay
10% or 15% above the going rate
for uncut stones.
|
| 01:25:03 | >> narrator: FARAH FOLLOWED
The story to sierra leone,
commanders
corroborated it.
|
| 01:25:09 | His explosive article prompted
further probes
by the special court
for sierra leone,
a joint task force of several
european intelligence agencies,
and the ngo global witness.
|
| 01:25:22 | All substantiated
farah's account.
|
| 01:25:26 | >> The link between al-qaeda
and diamonds really starts
in east africa,
,,
>> narrator: IN THE AFTERMATH
Of the 1998 al-qaeda attacks
on american embassies
in kenya and tanzania,
the united states froze
the terrorist group's assets.
|
| 01:25:44 | >> Intelligence sources believe
that osama bin laden needed
,
to come up with a different
financial structure
for the next attack.
|
| 01:25:53 | And nothing fits the bill
better than diamonds.
|
| 01:25:56 | They're portable.
|
| 01:25:58 | They're easily liquidated.
|
| 01:26:00 | And nobody can tell
wherththey came from
once they have left
the source of origin.
|
| 01:26:07 | >> Elements of the east african
al-qaeda cell moved to liberia,
to west africa, and became
involved in buying up
millions of dollars worth
of diamonds.
|
| 01:26:16 | >> They brought in a couple
of people in '98, and then
they had two permanent people
,
there starting in december
of 2000.
|
| 01:26:24 | And they rented a house
starting in february of 2001.
|
| 01:26:36 | >> narrator: COMING JUST MONTHS
After the 9/11 attacks,
the reaction
,
to farah's findings were mixed.
|
| 01:26:43 | >> The cia and the fbi refused
to believe it.
|
| 01:26:46 | >> Members of congress
kept demanding
that the fbi and cia investigate
the stories.
|
| 01:26:51 | >> narrator: THE FBI WAS TWICE
Sent to west africa to study
the diamond-terrorism link.
|
| 01:26:56 | >> Which created
a huge level of hostility
within those agencies,
being told by congress to go
spend resource on something
they didn't think was important.
|
| 01:27:05 | >> narrator: THE FBI AND CIA
Provided classified reports
about their investigations
into the alleged
al-qaeda diamond connection
to the 9/11 commission.
|
| 01:27:14 | Their official report
contradicts
thewashington poststory.
|
| 01:27:18 | It states:
,
by the turn of the century,
very few disputed the fact
that diamonds had helped fund
brutal wars
and human rights atrocities
,,
>> the diamond industry
was very concerned
THAT THE TWO NGOs
That had exposed the problem,
global witness and
partnership africa canada,
might start a consumer boycott.
|
| 01:27:52 | This would be very damaging
for countries like botswana,
namibia, south africa,
where they're very dependent
on diamonds and where there are
no conflict diamonds.
|
| 01:28:01 | So the industry was concerned,
and those governments were also
concerned.
|
| 01:28:05 | >> narrator: THE DIAMOND
INDUSTRY JOINED WITH NGOs
And diamond-producing countries
to search for solutions.
|
| 01:28:14 | After several years of debate,
a system of certifications
was agreed upon
and then implemented in 2003.
|
| 01:28:23 | It's called
the kimberley process.
|
| 01:28:26 | >> The kimberley process
certification scheme,
,
which is its technical name,
-sponsored trade
agreement which requires,
any time rough diamonds cross
international border,
that they be packaged
in a tamper-resistant container
and that they be accompanied
by a government-validated
kimberley process certificate,
which lists the volume,
the weight, the value
of the rough diamonds.
|
| 01:28:57 | >> narrator: TO DATE,
More than 70 countries
are members
of the kimberley process.
|
| 01:29:01 | ,
>> I'm happy to report
that the initial source
of conflict diamonds,
which were angola
and sierra leone,
are both members
of the kimberley process.
|
| 01:29:13 | >> narrator: IN THE
Sierra leone government
gold and diamond office,
every batch
of officially exported rough
goes through a rigorous sorting,
evaluation, and certification
process, all mandated
by kimberley.
|
| 01:29:30 | Once a certified and sealed
shipment of rough is exported,
,
it enters a diamond supply chain
that eventually delivers
the rough to dealers, polishers,
and retailers around the globe.
|
| 01:29:46 | In addition
to the kimberley process,
the industry agreed
upon a voluntary system of,,
self-regulation and warrantees
designed to guarantee
the pedigree
of diamond shipments
in the supply chain.
|
| 01:29:59 | Used in conjunction
diamonds theoretically
should be able to be tracked
from their point of origin
to the stores,
where they are sold.
|
| 01:30:09 | >> It goes through
this complex system.
|
| 01:30:11 | But by the time it gets
to a retail store, it is
accompanied by a warrantee,
and the retailer can insist
on these warrantees so that
they're in a position,
if they are asked by a consumer,
to tell the consumer
that, "all of the diamonds
that I sell my store
are covered by a warrantee
and that, therefore,
they have no taint of conflict
"
>> narrator: BUT DOES
The system work?
|
| 01:30:38 | ,
it's estimated
that conflict diamonds have
been reduced to less than 1%
of the world diamond trade,
mainly attributable to the end
of the major
diamond-funded wars.
|
| 01:30:50 | And since the kimberley process
was implemented,
legal diamond exports
in former conflict zones
are on the rise.
|
| 01:30:59 | >> I think one of
the indications of success
in the kimberley process
is what's happened
in sierra leone.
|
| 01:31:04 | In 2002, I think sierra leone
exported about $26 million worth
of diamonds legally.
|
| 01:31:09 | In 2005, it exported
,
$142 million legally.
|
| 01:31:15 | >> narrator: CRITICS, HOWEVER,
Contend the system
is not without flaws.
|
| 01:31:20 | Kimberley-compliant countries
are required to institute
internal controls
to prevent illicit diamonds
from entering the system,
a formidable task in areas
of widespread informal
alluvial mining, such as
former conflict zones.
|
| 01:31:34 | >> In a country
like sierra leone,
where you've got something
like 180,000 artisanal
diamond diggers, people who dig
with a shovel and a sieve,
many of them not licensed,
,
very, very hard to know
where the diamonds
are coming from
that are offered for export.
|
| 01:31:48 | Very hard to track
all those diamonds right back
to the mine.
|
| 01:31:51 | >> So unless an inspector
is physically there to see
that each individual diamond
is pulled
from a particular mine,
there is no way,,
that any regimen
of certificates and checks
or double-checks
is going to account
for every single one of them.
|
| 01:32:07 | >> Diamonds could be coming
into sierra leone from liberia.
|
| 01:32:10 | Diamonds could be going out
of sierra leone into guinea.
|
| 01:32:13 | >> narrator: ALSO OF CONCERN
TO NGOs IS THAT THE SYSTEM
Of warrantees designed
to track diamonds
to the retail market
does not allow
for third-party reviews.
|
| 01:32:26 | >> This industry chain
of warrantees,
this industry self-regulation
is voluntary,
and there is no provision
for audits.
|
| 01:32:33 | In our view, this is
a weak link in the chain.
|
| 01:32:37 | >> narrator: A 2004
Global witness undercover
investigation revealed
significant numbers
of united states retailers
were unable to produce
conflict-free warrantees
when requested.
|
| 01:32:47 | ,
>> we're always trying
to improve
the kimberley process.
|
| 01:33:00 | We've all had some ideas
on how to improve it:
THE NGOs, THE GOVERNMENTS,
,,
we're working those through.
|
| 01:33:07 | >> narrator: WHAT REMAINS
To be seen
is if the kimberley process
can be effective
in a time of war.
|
| 01:33:13 | >> I remain convinced
that no system of certificates
and stamps of approval
or digital pictures
are going to eradicate
,
this problem as long
as there are armed group
who are acting in rebellion
to a legitimate government
of a country
where diamonds are found.
|
| 01:33:29 | And as long as they can
control diamonds,
as long as they can extract
the diamonds, those diamonds
will get sold.
|
| 01:33:36 | >> narrator: IN 2006,
The united nations reported
that diamonds
from the ivory coast
were being mined by rebels
and smuggled out of the country.
|
| 01:33:44 | Illicit stones from liberia
and the democratic republic
of the congo still make
their way to the international
diamond market.
|
| 01:33:51 | ,
the major diamond-funded
conflicts in africa
have mercifully come to an end.
|
| 01:34:00 | But in regions as volatile
as west and central africa,
some worry a war funded
by diamonds could be triggered
,
>> if you want to overthrow
a government
and you've got access
to millions of dollars worth
of diamonds, it's going to be
EASY TO DO.iaia,,
|
| 00:00:24 | ,,,,
>> narrator: IN POST-WAR
Sierra leone, there exists
,
an uneasy peace.
|
| 00:02:42 | Due to an unconditional amnesty
combatants,
war victims and the rebels
who terrorized them
are once again neighbors.
|
| 00:02:51 | >> And most of us consider
the civil war,,
as a long nightmare,
and people are prepared
to forgive, not necessarily
to forget, and to forge ahead
in the hope that they will never
experience these kind
of atrocities again.
|
| 00:03:09 | ,
>> narrator: THE SIERRA LEONE
Truth and reconciliation
commission urges victims
and perpetrators
to find common ground.
|
| 00:03:18 | Killers are asked
to offer remorse.
|
| 00:03:41 | >> narrator: VICTIMS
Are asked to forgive.
|
| 00:03:45 | Not all can.
|
| 00:03:47 | >> It doesn't feel good.
|
| 00:03:50 | Sometimes I ask god
to give me the power
to meet the person
who did this to me.
|
| 00:03:56 | We wouldn't be able
,,
>> narrator: A COMMON GRIEVANCE
Is government aid directed
to perpetrators.
|
| 00:04:08 | In exchange for disarming,
financial compensation was given
to former r.u.f. combatants.
|
| 00:04:14 | ,odia
>> They would rather help
the armed rebels
because of fear.
|
| 00:04:39 | We just barely survive.
|
| 00:04:42 | >> narrator: NOWHERE
Is neglect more evident
than at the grafton camp
,
for war wounded.
|
| 00:04:49 | >> [speaking in native language]
>> male translator: WE'VE BEEN
In this camp now
since november 17th
of the year 2000.
|
| 00:04:55 | Presently, we have 500 people.
|
| 00:04:59 | We don't have electricity.
|
| 00:05:02 | ,,
and we have
educational problems too.
|
| 00:05:09 | We need good schools.
|
| 00:05:11 | >> narrator: DESIGNED
As a temporary shelter,
today weather-worn tents serve
as the residents' only refuge.
|
| 00:05:18 | ,
one of the camp's residents
is kumba mbindie.
|
| 00:05:26 | >> We are still here
and going through a lot of pain.
|
| 00:05:31 | We have suffered a great deal.
|
| 00:05:34 | >> narrator: DURING THE WAR,
rebels
sexually mutilated kumba.
|
| 00:05:40 | Today she lives with the stigma
of that attack.
|
| 00:05:46 | >> My husband doesn't care
for me anymore.
|
| 00:05:50 | He is gone,
,
and I'm here by myself.
|
| 00:05:52 | There is no other man here.
|
| 00:05:56 | Even those I go out with
that want me, once they sleep
with me and realize
my condition, they walk away.
|
| 00:06:07 | >> narrator: AND BECAUSE OF
The amnesty granted
her attackers, kumba will
never be able to confront them
in a court of law.
|
| 00:06:16 | >> Perhaps, in an ideal world,
every person against whom
there is evidence
of the commission of crimes
would be called to stand trial
for those crimes.
|
| 00:06:27 | But the amount of time
that that would take
and the amount of resources
that that would take
would be unsustainable.
|
| 00:06:35 | >> narrator: ONLY A FEW
Will face justice.
|
| 00:06:38 | Their cases will mostly
be heard at the heavily
fortified special court
for sierra leone in freetown.
|
| 00:06:46 | -supported
war crimes tribunal is charged
with prosecuting only those
who bear the greatest
responsibility for the war's
worst atrocities.
|
| 00:06:55 | ,
>> they involve crimes
of an absolutely horrific
torture of individuals,
killings and mutilations
of individuals, amputations,
sexual crimes, rapes,
burning of houses
with people in them alive,
burying of people alive.
|
| 00:07:14 | Absolutely horrific category
of events
that are being charged.
|
| 00:07:19 | >> Blood diamonds are
the common thread
that bound together
this criminal enterprise.
|
| 00:07:25 | The rule of the gun
reigned supreme.
|
| 00:07:27 | ,
>> narrator: IN MARCH 2003,
commander foday sankoh
was charged on 17 counts
of crimes against humanity.
|
| 00:07:38 | But sankoh never stood trial.
|
| 00:07:41 | Later in 2003, he died
while in prison.
|
| 00:07:46 | But the tribunal's
most important indictment
was reserved for the man
who helped finance the war
and directed it from afar.
|
| 00:07:55 | >> On behalf of the people
of sierra leone and
the international community,
,
I announce the indictment
of charles ghankay taylor
for war crimes,
crimes against humanity,
and serious violations of
international humanitarian law.
|
| 00:08:13 | >> It was hugely significant
that the rule of law has,,,
in this case, shown
that it can extend
beyond borders, that it can
extend to any person,
even a former head of state.
|
| 00:08:29 | >> narrator: AFTER HE WAS TAKEN
Into custody in nigeria
,
in march 2006, taylor was jailed
at the special court in freetown
and later transferred
to the international court
in the dutch city of the hague.
|
| 00:08:43 | Charles taylor still
awaits trail.
|
| 00:08:47 | The special court
for sier l leone has handed down
13 indictments.
|
| 00:08:52 | Verdicts are expected in 2007.
|
| 00:08:58 | Even as the scars of war
slowly fade, african countries
characterized by informal
,
alluvial diamond mining
still remain prone to conflict.
|
| 00:09:10 | >> The conflict diamond issue
is still pertinent, because
it can flare up at any time.
|
| 00:09:15 | Africa is a volatile region.
|
| 00:09:18 | One of the key problems
in looking at the whole,,
diamond issue is that, really,
the root causes of the conflicts
haven't been addressed:
Ththe corruption, the poverty,
the lack of resources,
the lack of opportunities
for people.
|
| 00:09:31 | >> narrator: IMPOVERISHED
Young men toil in the mines.
|
| 00:09:35 | Destitution is everywhere.
|
| 00:09:36 | ,
>> one of
the very strange things about
the diamond-producing areas
in africa is that
they're often the poorest.
|
| 00:09:44 | You can go to a village
that has been mining diamonds
for 50, 60 years,
and they don't even have
a water pump.
|
| 00:09:50 | Now, millions of dollars worth
of diamonds have come out
of that area, and why is it
so poor?
|
| 00:09:54 | It's very hard to understand.
|
| 00:09:58 | >> narrator: MOST TURN
To mining because they lack
alternatives.
|
| 00:10:03 | During the sierra leone war,
usman conteh was enslaved
and forced
,
to mine.
|
| 00:10:13 | In inescapable irony,
he again digs for diamonds.
|
| 00:10:18 | Without education, skills,
or job opportunity,
it's the only work he can find.
|
| 00:10:25 | In a different way, he remains
a captive to diamonds.
|
| 00:10:33 | >> At this job, I haven't had
anything yet.
|
| 00:10:38 | I am still trying.
|
| 00:10:41 | ,
if I had another job,
I could leave the mining job.
|
| 00:10:49 | But since I don't have another,
I will stay here until
god gives me something else.
|
| 00:10:59 | >> narrator: DIGGERS ARE PAID
In a variety of ways.
|
| 00:11:02 | Some receive a miniscule share
of what they dig.
|
| 00:11:06 | Others work simply for a meal.
|
| 00:11:10 | Some earn a scant wage.
|
| 00:11:13 | Most work under false hopes.
|
| 00:11:16 | >>T't's a casino economy.
|
| 00:11:18 | Everybody thinks they're going
to find the big one, but,
of course, hardly anybody
ever does find the big one.
|
| 00:11:24 | The mining conditions
are awful.
|
| 00:11:26 | People dig in the hot sun
all day long, often up to,
their waist in filthy water.
|
| 00:11:31 | There's no social cohesion.
|
| 00:11:33 | There's a lot of violence.
|
| 00:11:35 | These mining areas
are great vectors for malaria,
for hiv/aids, for all kinds
of societal problems.
|
| 00:11:43 | >> And their daily routine is--
it's really nothing more
than bonded slavery.
|
| 00:11:49 | >> narrator: IN AN EFFORT
To empower those
upon whose backs
diamond riches are borne,
NGOs GLOBAL WITNESS
And partnership africa canada,
in conjunction with de beers,
formed the diamond development
initiative.
|
| 00:12:05 | >> There are a million,
if not a million and a half,
artisanal alluvial diamond
diggers earning $1 a day.
|
| 00:12:12 | What we're suggesting
with the diamond development
initiative, the ddi,
is that you need
,
economic solutions
to economic problems,
that if you can get
better prices for the diggers,
if you can formalize
this vast informal
diamond economy,
then you can bring peace
and development
to the diamond areas.
|
| 00:12:31 | >> There can be no future
as long as the people
that are working in these areas,,
do not benefit.
|
| 00:12:38 | We believe that the communities,
first of all, are the priority.
|
| 00:12:42 | >> narrator: THE FIRST GOAL
Of the diamond development
initiative is to educate miners.
|
| 00:12:49 | >> Generally speaking,
,
diggers will have an idea
what a low-value diamond
is worth.
|
| 00:12:54 | It's when you get
into the better stuff
that people actually
don't know what they're worth.
|
| 00:12:58 | That's when people get cheated,
and that's where
the huge markup is between
the miner and the exporter.
|
| 00:13:03 | >> Why is it that a diamond
in sierra leone can be bought
for $20 and then sold in antwerp
for $1,500?
|
| 00:13:10 | It's perverse.
|
| 00:13:11 | What really needs to happen
is for the diamond industry
and for governments
to actually start investing
in their development,
to start paying a decent wage
to the people
that are working there
but also a realistic price
for the diamonds.
|
| 00:13:24 | >> What we have to do
is find ways to validate
african diamonds
not just because
they're conflict-free
but because they come
from developmentally sound
sources, that people
actually get a fair price
for the diamonds.
|
| 00:13:37 | >> narrator: IT'S A WORTHY,,
But difficult task,
for history has vividly shown
how diamonds pulled
from west and central african
conflict zones
have been misused,
often with tragic consequence.
|
| 00:13:54 | >> At the end of the day,
what is going to eradicate
conflict diamonds,
what is going to be an end
to the blood diamond trade
is going to be the end
of the conflict where
these diamonds are being
extracted from
in the first place.
|
| 00:14:09 | Captioning byCaptionMax
www.captionmax.com
www.captionmax.com
man: It's a central tendency
in government to plan
for the normal,,,
and disasters aren't normal !
|
| 00:14:31 | They're gonna be overwhelmed.
|
| 00:14:32 | They're not gonna be
ready for it.
|
| 00:14:36 | man: People are gonna die, and
there isn't a whole lot we're
gonna be able to do about it.
|
| 00:14:43 | man: We have a saying
that we're nine meals
away from anarchy.
|
| 00:14:47 | woman: You'll start to see a
true disintegration of society.
|
| 00:14:52 | man: People will form together
in gangs to go obtain
the resources they need.
|
| 00:14:57 | man: They're gonna be looking
for food, they're going
to be looking for drugs.
|
| 00:15:02 | woman: Chris !
|
| 00:15:03 | ,
man: There are gonna be some
grade-A predators out there.
|
| 00:15:05 | woman: Whoa, turn that off,
turn that off !
|
| 00:15:07 | woman: Large urban centers
will be uninhabitable.
|
| 00:15:10 | woman: Get him down,
get him down, get him down !
|
| 00:15:12 | woman: Very dangerous places.
|
| 00:15:16 | man: Some small communities
would put up barriers.
|
| 00:15:18 | man: The man said no !
|
| 00:15:20 | man: You're gonna find things
along the route that are
gonna be useful to you,
and you're gonna take them.
|
| 00:15:25 | man: You're gonna have to
forage, which is a nice word
for looting.
|
| 00:15:29 | The hardest thing in the world
for anybody would be
to take another life.
|
| 00:15:36 | Captioning presented byA&E TELEVISION NETWORKS
,
man: Nothing could've
prepared us for what happened.
|
| 00:15:59 | Millions dead in
a matter of weeks.
|
| 00:16:02 | Billions across the world.
|
| 00:16:06 | America was devastated.
|
| 00:16:09 | ,
Nowhere was spared.
|
| 00:16:12 | Without food, water, or power,
cities like ours
became wastelands.
|
| 00:16:16 | We were just an ordinary family.
|
| 00:16:19 | But pretty soon we realized
if we wanted to stay alive,
we had to get out of the city.
|
| 00:16:24 | We thought we were leaving
,
the worst behind us.
|
| 00:16:27 | But we were wrong.
|
| 00:16:31 | Tim: Where law and order's
broken down, and all the systems
have broken down,
that's really nightmare stuff.
|
| 00:16:39 | Lee: Very few of us have
the skill sets to survive
in this radically changed world.
|
| 00:16:51 | man: At some point in
a long-term crisis,
the city's uninhabitable.
|
| 00:16:55 | And you need to move
and you have no choice.
|
| 00:16:57 | You have to move.,,
How do you stay secure ?
|
| 00:17:01 | Joseph: People trying to escape
from cities, ty'y're going to
encounter looters,
gangs, thieves.
|
| 00:17:10 | Michael: What you wanna be
is as invisible as possible.
|
| 00:17:13 | woman: Turn that off,
turn that off !
|
| 00:17:14 | ,
Michael: If people see you,
you want their eyes just
to roll over you.
|
| 00:17:19 | man: Keep him down.
|
| 00:17:24 | Kevin: It would be most
frightening to have family
members with me
that I had to protect.
|
| 00:17:27 | It'd be hard to not feel
a tremendous sense of guilt
about that.
|
| 00:17:30 | ,
man: Once we hit the freeway,
we should be out of the city
in like an hour.
|
| 00:17:38 | Great !
|
| 00:17:43 | Joseph: If enough people try
to evacuate, the roads simply
become so jammed that you get
traffic jams that stretch
for tens of miles.
|
| 00:17:50 | man: I'm gonna check
the freeway-- lock the doors.
|
| 00:17:54 | Joseph: Roads become
simply impassable.
|
| 00:17:56 | People begin even to die
in their vehicles, and those
vehicles block the roads
and prevent further egress.
|
| 00:18:12 | Rick: Gridlock would be
a major secondary event.
|
| 00:18:19 | With that, then the desperation
,
goes even higher.
|
| 00:18:23 | man: The freeway is blocked.
|
| 00:18:24 | We're gonna try to get
on at the next on-ramp.
|
| 00:18:27 | Joseph: People would masquerade
as police, pretending to be
police or other authorities.
|
| 00:18:32 | man: Ellen, look.
|
| 00:18:34 | Joseph: And it could be
difficult for people to tell
who is official, who isn't,
who might be on their side,
and who isn't.
|
| 00:18:42 | And many people
would make mistakes.
|
| 00:18:45 | man: I think it's
the National Guard.
|
| 00:18:47 | Ellen: Do you think maybthey
could help us find a way
out of the city ?
|
| 00:18:51 | boy: If it's the National Guard,
why aren't they in uniform ?
|
| 00:18:53 | ,
man: Get him down !
|
| 00:18:55 | Get him down !
|
| 00:18:57 | Get him down !
|
| 00:18:58 | ( gunfire )
( tires squealing )
( Ellen crying )
boy: Slow down !
|
| 00:19:10 | What are you doing ?
|
| 00:19:11 | Slow down-- Dad !
|
| 00:19:19 | ( man panting )
,
woman: Concern is today mounting
over a deadly new strain of
influenza, which is reportedly
sweeping through parts of
Southeast Asia.
|
| 00:19:40 | The outbreak is believed to have
already claimed the lives
of over 25,000 people,
despite a raft of emergency
measures to try and control
its spread.
|
| 00:19:49 | David: We average a pandemic
every 30 to 40 years.
|
| 00:19:52 | It's a cycle
that we can predict.
|
| 00:19:56 | Tim: It's almost 100 years
since we saw a really severe
one, so we've begun to
think we're immune.
|
| 00:20:01 | But let me tell you,
Mother Nature is still
lurking there.
|
| 00:20:04 | If we get one of these
rapid-moving viruses,
like the swine flu, combined
with the fatality rate of avian
flu, we would see unspeakable,
indescribable catastrophe.
|
| 00:20:16 | man: With the world now facing
an official Global Pandemic
Alert, US government agencies
confirmed there were as yet
no suspected cases
in North America.
|
| 00:20:26 | However, all flights between
Southeast Asia and the US have
been temporarily suspended...
|
| 00:20:30 | ,
man: Seriously, do you have
to film everything ?
|
| 00:20:33 | boy: Yep.
|
| 00:20:34 | Ellen: Hey, chris ?
|
| 00:20:35 | Do you think you could take
Casey to soccer tonight ?
|
| 00:20:37 | Chris: Uh, yeah, what time ?
|
| 00:20:39 | Ellen: 7:00.
|
| 00:20:40 | Chris: 7:00, Yeah.
|
| 00:20:41 | Ellen: I'm hosting an open
house, so I should be done about
7:30, so I can pick him up.
|
| 00:20:45 | Chris:..
|
| 00:20:47 | Casey: Do I have to go ?
|
| 00:20:48 | Chris: C'mon, pal,
you know the drill.
|
| 00:20:49 | You signed up for it.
|
| 00:20:51 | Casey: You signed me up !
|
| 00:20:52 | Chris: Did I ?
|
| 00:20:54 | Casey: That's disgusting.
|
| 00:20:55 | Ellen: You're welcome.
|
| 00:20:57 | Casey: That's disgusting-er.
|
| 00:20:59 | Chris: C'mon, case, we gotta go.
|
| 00:21:00 | Ellen: Hey, do I get a kiss ?
|
| 00:21:02 | Casey:,,
,
Chris: Morning, keith !
|
| 00:21:05 | Keith: Morning !
|
| 00:21:06 | Chris: Have a good one !
|
| 00:21:10 | Joseph: It takes dense
populations to have a pandemic,
so of course cities would be
the most vulnerable.
|
| 00:21:17 | Robyn: In 2007 more than half
of the world's population,
for the first time in human
history, lived in cities.
|
| 00:21:24 | Rick: Transmissibility
depends on person-to-person
contact or very close proximity,
and we've got that.
|
| 00:21:33 | Chris:00,
okay ?
|
| 00:21:34 | Casey: Okay, later.
|
| 00:21:36 | ,
David: Given the amount of
global networking,
you can spread a disease
these days within a matter
of hours and days.
|
| 00:21:44 | Tim: It would be here, it would
be among us before we had
the chance to react.
|
| 00:21:53 | ,
Chris: Hey, morning.
|
