| 00:00:01 | It then falls
into a collection bin
looking more like peanut brittle
minus the peanuts,
than a deadly explosive.
|
| 00:00:10 | Handling it from here
is not for the faint of heart.
|
| 00:00:13 | >> It can be impact sensitive,
but that would mean
taking a hammer
and putting it on a rock
and hitting it with a hammer,
that would be dangerous.
|
| 00:00:20 | But the way we handle it,
it is very stable product.
|
| 00:00:26 | >> In addition
to composition b-4,
holston also produces c-4;
a general purpose explosive
strong enough to blast
through a steel door.
|
| 00:00:36 | >> What we're gonna
be demonstrating today
is about 70 grams
of our product.
|
| 00:00:42 | >> The c-4 is packed
inside a 16-ounce cup
and plac
steel plate.
|
| 00:00:49 | >> Fire in the hole.
|
| 00:00:52 | And this is the demonstration
with a quarter-inch
bullet plate steel
after 70 grams of material.
|
| 00:01:01 | >> A closer look reveals
that the force of the explosion
imprinted the number "16"
from the cup
onto the steel plate.
|
| 00:01:11 | Despite the fact
that nitric acid
is a central ingredient
in nearly
every explosive cocktail,
most of it goes toward
the production
of ammonium nitrate fertilizer.
|
| 00:01:23 | makes
two-and-a-half million tons
every year.
|
| 00:01:27 | But even in fertilizer,
nitric acid's
explosive potential
never stays dormant.
|
| 00:01:32 | >> Ammonium nitrate
is a popular fertilizer,
but it can also be used
as an oxidizer for explosives.
|
| 00:01:39 | In that case,
it has to be mixed with a fuel,
in this case, powdered zinc.
|
| 00:01:45 | Just a little bit of water
will get it started.
|
| 00:01:50 | >> A simple drop of water
starts a chemical reaction
that ignites the mixture.
|
| 00:02:01 | In 1947,
nitric acid's volatility
triggered disaster.
|
| 00:02:07 | It happened
in texas city, texas.
|
| 00:02:12 | The port city
was nearly leveled
when a freighter packed
with ammonium nitrate fertilizer
exploded.
|
| 00:02:19 | >> In those days, it was unknown
what a violent explosive
ammonium nitrate could be.
|
| 00:02:24 | And so in the same cargo ship,
they had shipments
of small arm ammunition
and other flammable materials.
|
| 00:02:33 | Small arms ammunition
went off in a fire,
which then detonated
ammonium nitrate
to catastrophic results.
|
| 00:02:44 | >> 581 People were killed
and another 5,000 were injured.
|
| 00:02:54 | The texas city disaster
is considered
the worst industrial accident
in the history
of the united states.
|
| 00:03:04 | Although nitric acid
is a powerful chemical,
there's another acid
that's even stronger;
sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:03:13 | Roughly 40 million tons
is produced a year,
making it the leading chemical
manufactured
in the united states.
|
| 00:03:20 | >> Sulfuric acid is used
in such a wide variety
of industrial applications
that often,
a country's productivity
can be measured
in terms of the tons
of sulfuric acid
produced each year.
|
| 00:03:34 | >> Sulfuric acid is classified
as a strong acid
because it contains
a high concentration
of hydrogen ions.
|
| 00:03:43 | The ph scale measures
the strength of an acid.
|
| 00:03:46 | Water,
which is a neutral liquid,
has a ph of seven.
|
| 00:03:51 | A ph with a number
greater than seven is a base,
while a ph with a number
less than seven is an acid.
|
| 00:03:58 | Each number less than neutral
contains 10 times
the hydrogen ions
of the next greater number.
|
| 00:04:04 | Therefore,
concentrated sulfuric acid,
which has a ph of one
is 100,000 times more acidic
than saliva,
which has a ph of six.
|
| 00:04:14 | As with all strong acids,
when sulfuric acid
is added to water or a base,
its hydrogen ions break off,
generating heat.
|
| 00:04:23 | >> The heat
from the dissociation
is being absorbed
by a relatively small
amount of water
and the solution
is getting so hot
that it actually melts
the plastic cup
as well as the dropper,
and this is why
you don't want to add water
to acid.
|
| 00:04:43 | >> Besides being a strong acid,
sulfuric acid
is also highly corrosive
to most metals
including aluminum.
|
| 00:04:53 | >> I've got aluminum foil here
and sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:05:10 | The fog that's coming off here
is actually steam
that's being generated
as the reaction proceeds.
|
| 00:05:19 | None of the aluminum foil
remains.
|
| 00:05:26 | >> Sulfuric acid
is also a powerful dehydrator,
capable of drawing the moisture
out of substances such as sugar.
|
| 00:05:35 | >> What we're seeing here
after the sugar
has lost its water,
all that's left is carbon
and it rises out of the beaker
as a solid ash.
|
| 00:05:45 | >> If a single drop
of sulfuric acid
gets on your skin,
it will treat you
just like it does sugar,
by absorbing
the skin's moisture,
which in turn, generates heat.
|
| 00:05:55 | Not so sweet.
|
| 00:06:02 | In mulberry, florida,
the mosaic company
produces sulfuric acid
on a massive scale.
|
| 00:06:08 | If a drop is dangerous,
well, you do the math.
|
| 00:06:12 | >> We produce 35,000 tons a day
of sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:06:16 | If we were to put that
into perspective,
an average automobile
weighs about two tons.
|
| 00:06:21 | That would be like
17,000 automobiles
parked in the parking lot
every day.
|
| 00:06:26 | But sulfuric acid is used
in the petroleum industry,
bleaching industry,
pulp and paper industry.
|
| 00:06:33 | It is used to clean
the large vats
in beer production
so that each batch of beer
tastes the same
as it did previously.
|
| 00:06:43 | >> Regardless
of sulfuric acid's end use,
it begins with,
well, sulfur, of course.
|
| 00:06:51 | At mosaic,
it arrives by railcar.
|
| 00:06:54 | >> Sulfur is a solid state
at ambient temperatures.
|
| 00:06:58 | We have to heat it up
to approximately
270 degrees fahrenheit.
|
| 00:07:04 | >> Transforming molten sulfur
into sulfuric acid
starts by spraying it
through a sulfur gun
that expels it into a furnace.
|
| 00:07:14 | At 2,055 degrees fahrenheit,
the sulfur combusts with oxygen
to form sulfur dioxide gas.
|
| 00:07:22 | From there, the sulfur dioxide
travels to a converter.
|
| 00:07:27 | Combined with oxygen,
it passes through a catalyst
that gradually converts it
into sulfur trioxide.
|
| 00:07:34 | The sulfur trioxide
then enters an absorption tower
where it's combined with water
in a sulfuric acid solution
creating addition sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:07:44 | Since the reaction of water
and sulfuric acid produces heat,
the tower
is constantly monitored
and controlled.
|
| 00:07:54 | Mosaic circulates 40,000 gallons
of cold water per minute
to keep the tower operating
at a safe
and efficient temperature.
|
| 00:08:02 | >> We have a cooling system
here behind me.
|
| 00:08:05 | It's referred to
as a "cooling tower"
and it allows water to evaporate
and cool the water,
which is then recirculated
back to the plant
and used to cool the acid.
|
| 00:08:19 | >> After the sulfuric acid
is produced,
operators wearing
acid resistant suits
discharge it into trucks.
|
| 00:08:29 | The acid is then distributed
to various satellite plants
to make fertilizer.
|
| 00:08:37 | Although a powerful corrosive,
5 percent concentration,
sulfuric acid is powerless
against the stainless steel
enclosure of the truck.
|
| 00:08:49 | Whether you're transporting it
in an acid resistant metal cage
or handling it
in a protective acid suit,
keeping this corrosive chemical
off your body
is always a chief concern.
|
| 00:09:04 | But what exactly will acid do
to skin and bones?
|
| 00:09:08 | The answer will give you
some food for thought.
|
| 00:09:26 | "Acid" will return
"
..
|
| 00:09:31 | ..
|
| 00:09:32 | That built the extra space I needed
..
|
| 00:09:36 | That she sold to me
to make my menu more organic.
|
| 00:09:39 | Introducing ink from chase.
|
| 00:09:40 | The card that helpedmake it all happen
because it's accepted
in twice as manyplaces worldwide
as american express.
|
| 00:09:46 | With reward pointsworth 25% more
when redeemedfor air travel.
|
| 00:09:51 | Make your mark with ink.
|
| 00:09:54 | Go to chase.com/ink.
|
| 00:09:56 | Chase what matters.
|
| 00:10:12 | An accident doesn't
have to slow you down.
|
| 00:10:15 | From new car replacement
and guaranteed repairs
to accident forgiveness,
we do all we can
to help you move on.
|
| 00:10:22 | Liberty mutual
auto insurance.
|
| 00:10:24 | Responsibility.
|
| 00:10:25 | What'syourpolicy?
|
| 00:10:44 | &&Pr
[music]
>> we now return to "acid"
"
while an acid's ability
to dissolve metal
is a simple rule of science,
in hollywood, flesh-eating acid
is a product of science fiction.
|
| 00:13:24 | So how long does it take
for acid to dissolve a body?
|
| 00:13:27 | [Screaming]
>> everyone wonders
what it would be like to fall
into a vat of acid.
|
| 00:13:35 | What I have here
is 37 percent hydrochloric acid,
which is as concentrated
as hydrochloric acid gets.
|
| 00:13:42 | As a stand-in for the body
I've got a hot dog
and a chicken bone.
|
| 00:13:49 | After six hours,
we're starting to see
some action.
|
| 00:13:54 | The bone is starting to get
rather floppy,
and the hot dog
has fallen to pieces.
|
| 00:14:05 | After nine hours, the hot dog
is nowhere to be found,
and the bone
is in pretty sad shape.
|
| 00:14:17 | So after nine hours
in hydrochloric acid,
your body is gonna be
completely disintegrated.
|
| 00:14:23 | Fortunately for you,
the fumes would've killed you
long before that.
|
| 00:14:28 | [Screaming]
>> hydrochloric acid,
albeit a dilute concentration,
is the same acid
the stomach makes
to dissolve food.
|
| 00:14:42 | It's also the acid
that's a key step in making
the ubiquitous substance,
gelatin; a tasteless protein
that puts the "jell" in jell-o.
|
| 00:14:52 | The eastman gelatin corporation
located
in peabody, massachusetts,
has been making gelatin
for nearly a century.
|
| 00:15:01 | Getting to the bare bones
of the process
starts with just that:
Bones.
|
| 00:15:08 | >> Each of the rail cars
that comes into the plant
contains about 200,000 pounds
of bone.
|
| 00:15:15 | The bone is being unloaded
from a rail car,
it goes through a sifter,
which has some screens
of different sizes,
and we move
the very fine material
we call "bone meal,"
the larger pieces of bone
go into a storage bin.
|
| 00:15:30 | >> Each bin holds
roughly 500,000 pounds of bone,
leftovers from roughly 41,000
head of cattle.
|
| 00:15:37 | After the bone is stored,
it's ready for a lift.
|
| 00:15:44 | An electric crane
glides over the bin,
scooping up 1,500 pounds
of bone and dumping it
into a vat.
|
| 00:15:59 | When the vat is filled
with 33,000 pounds
of bone chips,
it's time to bring on the acid.
|
| 00:16:10 | >> We use hydrochloric acid
because it reacts
very effectively with the bone.
|
| 00:16:15 | The hydrochloric acid
is removing the minerals
from the bone.
|
| 00:16:18 | The minerals
are essentially the concrete
in the reinforced concrete.
|
| 00:16:22 | And we're reacting with that,
removing the minerals,
leaving behind the rebar.
|
| 00:16:26 | The rebar is the protein
which we're gonna make
the gelatin out of.
|
| 00:16:35 | >> It's a variable process
that requires
some old-school methods.
|
| 00:16:41 | A stick test helps determine
whether the bone is ready
for the next step.
|
| 00:16:46 | >> The bone that has been
demineralized is not as dense.
|
| 00:16:48 | The stick can push its way
down through it.
|
| 00:16:51 | So that's our way of telling
how much of the bone
has been demineralized.
|
| 00:16:58 | >> After the acid
demineralizes the bone,
the bone is transferred
to a lime bath.
|
| 00:17:05 | Here, lime finishes the job
of breaking down
the collagen proteins
that have been exposed
by the hydrochloric acid.
|
| 00:17:14 | The bone is then washed
and pumped
into an extraction vat
for gelatin removal.
|
| 00:17:22 | >> What I'm holding
in my hand here
is essentially what I call
"
so we've removed the minerals
to get the concrete
out of the way,
and what we're left with
is just the protein.
|
| 00:17:33 | >> The gelatin is extracted
in a hot water solution
and pumped through an extruder,
falling onto a conveyer
looking like
wet spaghetti noodles.
|
| 00:17:46 | >> What I'm holding
in my hand here
is 30 percent gelatin
and 70 percent water.
|
| 00:17:50 | As soon as you put it
in your mouth, it would melt,
and it has no flavor at all.
|
| 00:17:56 | >> The gelatin is then cooked
until it's bone-dry,
cut into granules,
boxed, and shipped.
|
| 00:18:06 | From this point on,
it can be used in a variety
of different products
including film emulsions,
pharmaceuticals,
golf balls,
and foods.
|
| 00:18:17 | "Bone" appetite.
|
| 00:18:21 | While gelatin's lack of flavor
makes it a valued food additive,
acid's sour flavor makes it
a prized food ingredient.
|
| 00:18:31 | >> Before me, I have a range
of acidic materials
that we consume every day.
|
| 00:18:35 | Oranges,
which contain citric acid,
will have a ph of about 3.8.
|
| 00:18:41 | Ginger ale,
which also contains citric acid,
has a ph of about three.
|
| 00:18:47 | A cola contains phosphoric acid,
and it's gonna be about 2.6.
|
| 00:18:52 | And finally,
we have red wine vinegar,
which is the most acidic
of these materials.
|
| 00:18:59 | And as with all acids,
vinegar has a wonderful--
sour taste.
|
| 00:19:11 | >> Vinegar is hardly deemed
a refreshing beverage,
but americans consume
more than six million tons of it
a year.
|
| 00:19:19 | One of the oldest and largest
commercial manufacturers
of vinegar is heinz.
|
| 00:19:26 | Here at the heinz plant
in holland, michigan,
making vinegar starts with
a whole lot of spirits.
|
| 00:19:32 | >> We get grain-source alcohol
made only from grain corn,
shipped to us
in 30,000-gallon rail cars,
and it comes in at 190 proof,
which is 95 percent alcohol.
|
| 00:19:48 | >> Considering that alcohol
is flammable at 100 proof,
you might
want to choose another spot
for a cigarette break.
|
| 00:19:56 | The alcohol is off-loaded
into a storage tank
and then pumped into a series
of 18,000-gallon mash tanks
where it's added to water,
5 percent
concentration.
|
| 00:20:13 | The next step is adding a mix
of nutrients to the mash
that will help promote
the growth of a little friend
that plays a big part
in making vinegar:
Acetobacter.
|
| 00:20:24 | >> Acetobacter
is a microorganism,
and the metabolism and growth
of that organism
is what facilitates
the oxidation of alcohol
to acetic acid.
|
| 00:20:37 | We must provide the nutrient
so that the bacteria
have sufficient nutrition
to grow.
|
| 00:20:46 | >> With the nutrients mixed,
the mash solution
is pumped to an acetator
where the final ingredient
needed to make vinegar is added:
Oxygen.
|
| 00:20:55 | Inside
the temperature-controlled
acetator, a propeller
spinning at 3,600 rpms
draws in oxygen
through a charcoal filter
and disperses it
throughout the solution.
|
| 00:21:07 | A healthy supply of o2
combined with the nutrients,
propagates the growth
of acetobacter.
|
| 00:21:14 | After 18 to 22 hours,
the acetobacter converts
5 percent alcohol
into 13.5 percent acetic acid.
|
| 00:21:26 | After the tank is discharged,
it's diluted further
to five percent acetic acid.
|
| 00:21:32 | A few flavoring ingredients
are added
and the acetic solution
is bottled as household vinegar.
|
| 00:21:38 | Because vinegar holds
an infinite shelf life,
it's been a prized
food preservative for centuries.
|
| 00:21:45 | But vinegar is only one
of a multitude
of vinegar-based products
made at heinz.
|
| 00:21:52 | Serving as an ingredient,
vinegar turns
the humble cucumber
into a pickle
and adds a sour flavor
to marinades,
salad dressings,
and ketchup.
|
| 00:22:06 | While heinz satisfies
our appetite for acidic food,
this green goo acidic brew
has an appetite for metal,
and it's about to be unleashed.
|
| 00:22:29 | "Acid" will return
" to run your businesses
more efficiently,
so we've brought in a team of experts to
help.
|
| 00:23:39 | One suggestion is to make your shipping more
efficient with
priority mail flat rate boxes from the postal
service.
|
| 00:23:45 | ..
|
| 00:23:48 | Actually, with flat rate boxes
you don't need to weigh anything under 70
pounds.
|
| 00:23:52 | If it fits, it shipsfor a low flat rate.
|
| 00:23:54 | Call or go online for a free flat rate box
shipping kit
that includes free boxes and our helpful
shipping guide.
|
| 00:24:00 | Do it today, and we'll ship it all right
to your door for free.
|
| 00:24:04 | Ok, but I ship allover the country.
|
| 00:24:06 | You can ship anywhere in thecountry for a
low flat rate.
|
| 00:24:09 | Ship international, too.
|
| 00:24:10 | And remember flat rate boxes come in four
sizes
and shipping starts at just $4.95.
|
| 00:24:16 | Call or go online for a free shipping kit
with a full
supply of free boxes, plus the shipping guide.
|
| 00:24:21 | Act now, and you'll get them all delivered
right to your business free of charge.
|
| 00:24:25 | Priority mail flat rate boxesonly from the
postal service.
|
| 00:24:30 | A simpler way to ship.
|
| 00:24:31 | Call or go online now to get started.
|
| 00:24:51 | ))ówíGíSST
Bull market or bear,
traders are always hungry for ideas.
|
| 00:26:08 | Trading's all about strategy.
|
| 00:26:10 | ..
|
| 00:26:11 | Is all about information.
|
| 00:26:12 | Heat mapping shows me
where the money's moving.
|
| 00:26:14 | ..
|
| 00:26:16 | One quick glance.
|
| 00:26:17 | That's where the action is.
|
| 00:26:18 | Look at this, pattern matcher.
|
| 00:26:20 | Pattern matcher spots technical
patterns automatically.
|
| 00:26:23 | It's like pattern radar.
|
| 00:26:26 | Td ameritrade.
|
| 00:26:27 | Built by traders, for traders.
|
| 00:26:29 | This is what I need.
|
| 00:26:30 | Announcer: Trade commission free for 30 days,
plus get 100 dollars cash, when you open
an account.
|
| 00:26:37 | >> We now return to "acid"
"
it envelops
marvels of engineering.
|
| 00:26:51 | Yet, before it embodies
its signature sheen,
it can appear dudull and porous.
|
| 00:26:57 | But soak it
in a corrosive cocktail
of strong acid,
hit it with a jolt
of electricity,
and you've got a recipe
that'll take the stain
right out of steel.
|
| 00:27:09 | The process is called
"
but while stainless steel
is aesthetically pleasing,
it's also corrosion-resistant.
|
| 00:27:19 | Making it that way is a process
"
>> passivation is the definition
of removing impurities
and making
e stainless steel clean,
like sterile.
|
| 00:27:28 | However, sterile is defined
and only temporary,
like a band-aid.
|
| 00:27:32 | It's sterile until you unwrap
the package.
|
| 00:27:33 | Passivation is defined
as permanently sterile.
|
| 00:27:38 | >> Although just 21 years old,
dustin colina owns
one of the largest
electropolishing companies
in the southeast united states;
allbright electropolishing.
|
| 00:27:49 | By passivating stainless steel,
allbright provides
an essential tool
for any industry
that demands sterilization,
even the tattoo industry.
|
| 00:27:57 | >> Right here,
we have tattoo tips.
|
| 00:27:59 | It looks dull right now
because it's been machined.
|
| 00:28:02 | Electropolishing will make it
shiny and clean.
|
| 00:28:06 | >> Electropolishing tips
for tattoo guns starts
with carefully placing them
on a rack of razor-sharp spikes.
|
| 00:28:13 | >> We call this a "ninja tree,"
and as you can see,
we just kind of
pinch these together
and put smaller parts on here.
|
| 00:28:19 | These are obviously
pretty sharp.
|
| 00:28:20 | If you make any sudden movements
and you're not aware
that it's there,
it can hurt you pretty bad.
|
| 00:28:27 | >> Although not as dangerous
as working around
a 900-gallon tank
of concentrated acid,
racking tattoo tips
is a close second.
|
| 00:28:35 | >> You'll get going pretty fast
and the next thing you know,
you turn around
and you got your elbow stuck
to one of these.
|
| 00:28:42 | >> After the tattoo tips
are placed on the ninja tree,
operators begin
the up-and-down procession
of electropolishing.
|
| 00:28:50 | >> The first step
is what we call
"
diox cleaner is used to remove
the organics from the part:
Oils, grease,
weld discoloration.
|
| 00:29:03 | Once it's out
of that diox cleaner,
it goes into
our electropolishing baths.
|
| 00:29:10 | >> Stored inside
a plastic-lined,
900-gallon tank,
is a mixture
of sulfuric and phosphoric acid.
|
| 00:29:19 | If you fell into it,
it would burn you severely,
but it's the key ingredient
behind allbright's
electropolishing prowess.
|
| 00:29:26 | >> The viscosity
is almost the same as milk,
but it's actually green.
|
| 00:29:29 | So our rule is, if it's green,
don't touch it.
|
| 00:29:31 | Now to demonstrate
the concentration of this acid,
what I'm gonna do now
is pour in a base
and show you
how violently it reacts.
|
| 00:29:48 | That's some strong --
>> during electropolishing,
two copper bars,
one holding
stainless steel parts
and the other holding
a series of copper plates,
are immersed at opposite ends
of the acid tank.
|
| 00:30:05 | A 20-volt dc current
passes through the acid,
which acts as an electrolyte
to distribute electricity
through the tank.
|
| 00:30:14 | As electricity flows
through the bars,
an ionic charge
microscopically etches
the metal,
exposing a layer of chromium
in the alloy.
|
| 00:30:24 | The acid reacts
with the chromium
to form a protective layer
of chromium oxide
that passivates
the stainless steel.
|
| 00:30:31 | >> Here's an example
of the tattoo tips
that we had before we ran it
in the electropolishing.
|
| 00:30:36 | And after the process,
you can see
the dramatic difference
in the shine;
the luster of the parts.
|
| 00:30:39 | So not only does it look great,
but it has the very important
properties of passivation;
keeping it clean.
|
| 00:30:47 | >> Allbright houses
one of the largest acid tanks
in america.
|
| 00:30:50 | And while allbright's acid
is green,
so is its method
of recycling it.
|
| 00:30:55 | >> What we add is a chemical
called pro-phx.
|
| 00:30:57 | Now, it may smell like dead fish,
but it actually does
serve a great purpose.
|
| 00:31:01 | What it does
is when we introduce it
into our acids of sulfuric
and phphoric acids,
it actually separates
all the metal salts
from electropolishing.
|
| 00:31:10 | And what it does
is it solidifies
those metal salts
so that it can be sucked
into our filters,
then removed, thus,
cleaning our acid baths.
|
| 00:31:18 | >> While allbright has found
a way to recycle its acid,
heraeus metal processing
in santa fe springs, california,
uses acid to recycle gold,
silver, and platinum
from spent parts
that would otherwise
be cast away.
|
| 00:31:36 | >> What we do here at heraeus
is hydro metallurgy
at its finest, using acids.
|
| 00:31:40 | This plant facility here
from various recycling
and recovery operations.
|
| 00:31:50 | >> Since the metal retains
its purity and value,
it can be reused to manufacture
more of the same parts
from which it was recycled.
|
| 00:32:00 | Most of the precious metal
heraeus recovers is platinum.
|
| 00:32:03 | >> The general public
would not be aware
on how many aspects
of their modern life
are impacted by platinum
in production.
|
| 00:32:10 | Literally, 100 percent
of all gasoline and all jet fuel
in the world is manufactured
using a platinum
and, in many cases,
a palladium catalyst.
|
| 00:32:20 | >> But recovering
those trace amounts of platinum
from spent catalysts,
equates to searching
for a very small needle
in a very large haystack.
|
| 00:32:28 | >> Normal average
reforming catalyst will contain
3 weight percent
of platinum content per pound
of actual catalyst.
|
| 00:32:37 | So in this drum, for example,
we have approximately 400 pounds
OF CATALYST AT A 3/10ths
Of a percent platinum content,
using today's
precious metal value.
|
| 00:32:48 | This drum holds
approximately $24,000
worth of platinum.
|
| 00:32:57 | >> Isolating the platinum
7 percent
of unwanted material
starts with removing
oversized debris.
|
| 00:33:06 | After the catalyst is screened,
it's fed into a tank
of sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:33:12 | >> The sulfuric acid
will completely dissolve
the aluminous substrate
but completely leaves
the platinum untouched.
|
| 00:33:19 | The platinum is then a solid
at the bottom of the tank.
|
| 00:33:22 | >> The solid is then sent
to the general refinery area
at heraeus's
where the last remaining
impurities must be removed.
|
| 00:33:30 | >> It is sort of like solving
a mystery.
|
| 00:33:32 | You have to eliminate
all the suspects;
the chrome, and the nickel,
and the other things
to make sure that you have
a purer product.
|
| 00:33:39 | >> The chemical employed
to unravel the mystery
is a mixture of strong acids,
which forms
the only acid cocktail
capable of dissolving
precious metal; aqua regia.
|
| 00:33:52 | Medieval alchemists believed
aqua regia presaged an even more
wondrous substance,
one that would turn
inexpensive metals into gold;
the philosopher's stone.
|
| 00:34:02 | The elusive substance
is still waiting
to be discovered.
|
| 00:34:07 | >> Well, if you mix
hydrochloric acid
and nitric acid
in the right ratio,
you will generate aqua regia.
|
| 00:34:13 | And I can show this,
for example,
with a little bit of copper,
which is precious by itself
as well,
not as precious as platinum,
for example,
but you can see this
when I drop this
into hydrochloric acid,
there's not a lot of stuff
happening here.
|
| 00:34:27 | But as soon as you add
the nitric acid,
you will see a change.
|
| 00:34:35 | Our goal with this aqua regia
to bring everything in solution
in order to apply
our separation techniques.
|
| 00:34:43 | >> During separation,
the pure platinum metal
at this stage,
looks more like cheese sauce
than a precious metal.
|
| 00:34:49 | >> Well, to me, this--
this is beautiful material,
it's nice brilliant yellow.
|
| 00:34:54 | What's in this vat right now
represents about
three million dollars worth
of pure platinum.
|
| 00:35:00 | >> In the end,
the platinum emerges in the form
of a sponge.
|
| 00:35:04 | >> This is platinum sponge.
|
| 00:35:06 | To the average lay person
coming across material
like this,
they would call for the janitor
and have it swept up
and thrown away.
|
| 00:35:13 | To us, this is platinum
and this is worth
over $1,250 per ounce
in today's market.
|
| 00:35:21 | >> Acid helps heraeus recycle
over 62,000 pounds
of precious metal a year.
|
| 00:35:28 | But perhaps more importantly,
acid helps stabilize
the market price of these vital,
yet finite materials.
|
| 00:35:38 | While acid's corrosive power
makes it a tool of industry,
its vapors were once used
as a tool of war.
|
| 00:35:46 | And the same acid
that wreaked havoc
in the trenches of world war i
now helps fabricate
a myriad of products
we can't live without.
|
| 00:36:01 | "Acid" will return
wanted to get
myself a new cell phone ♪♪
|
| 00:36:37 | ♪♪ so I could hear myself as a ringtone ♪♪
|
| 00:36:39 | ♪♪ who knew the store would go and check
my credit score ♪♪
|
| 00:36:42 | ♪♪ now all they let me have is this dinosaur
♪♪
|
| 00:36:45 | ♪♪ hello hello hello can anybody hear me?
|
| 00:36:45 | ♪♪
|
| 00:36:48 | ♪♪ I know I know I know I shoulda gone to
♪♪
|
| 00:36:51 | ♪♪
|
| 00:36:54 | coulda got
♪♪
|
| 00:36:57 | ♪♪ ♪♪
|
| 00:37:00 | free credit score and report with enrollment
in triple advantage.
|
| 00:37:06 | Crime in new york city has dropped 27% since
2001.
|
| 00:37:09 | ..
|
| 00:37:11 | ...Have been cut by 25%.
|
| 00:37:12 | ..
|
| 00:37:15 | ...And safer.
|
| 00:37:16 | ..
|
| 00:37:17 | ...Data is generated.
|
| 00:37:18 | ..
|
| 00:37:20 | .. flu outbreaks...
|
| 00:37:21 | ...By capturing the data.
|
| 00:37:22 | Detecting the patterns.
|
| 00:37:24 | Sharing it across departments.
|
| 00:37:25 | ...Responding to emergencies...
|
| 00:37:27 | ...Even preventing them.
|
| 00:37:28 | Making cities safer.
|
| 00:37:29 | That's what I'm working on.
|
| 00:37:31 | I'M AN IBMer.
|
| 00:37:32 | Let's build a smarter planet.
|
| 00:39:53 | >> We now return to "acid"
"
one of acid's
most distinctive traits
is its ability
to dissolve metal.
|
| 00:40:08 | Just ask ripley.
|
| 00:40:12 | But acid's can have
a finicky palette when it comes
to digesting it.
|
| 00:40:16 | >> Since 1983, american pennies
have actually been made
out of zinc,
which you can see if you file
the copper plating away.
|
| 00:40:25 | What I've got here are pennies
that are filed away on one side
to expose the zinc,
while on the other side
they remain copper.
|
| 00:40:36 | >> While nitric acid dissolves
the entire penny,
the hydrochloric acid
only absorbs the zinc.
|
| 00:40:43 | >> But in the nitric acid
beaker, there's nothing left
of the penny.
|
| 00:40:48 | While in the hydrochloric acid,
it appears
that the penny remains.
|
| 00:40:52 | But this is only
the thin copper shell
from one side of the penny.
|
| 00:40:56 | The remnant of the penny
is paper thin.
|
| 00:41:03 | >> Fotofab, based in chicago,
harnesses the largely
indiscriminate appetite
of ferric chloride acid
to etch a wide assortment
of metal.
|
| 00:41:13 | From cell phone motherboards
to radio frequency shields
to ultra-fine filters,
acid etched parts
typically work
behind the scenes.
|
| 00:41:23 | Others are right
in front of your face,
like your
dashboard instrument panel.
|
| 00:41:29 | Etching metal takes
some pretty nasty acid,
but it starts with making
the metal acid-resistant.
|
| 00:41:38 | >> We take the sheets of metal
that we've cleaned,
laminate them with photoresist,
which is a light sensitive
acid-resistant polymer.
|
| 00:41:46 | We apply it at 35 pounds
per square inch of pressure
between two rubber rollers
at about 220 degrees fahrenheit,
and it bonds very nicely
with the metal.
|
| 00:41:57 | >> Coated with a blue
translucent polymer,
the metal sheet is ready
to have its picture taken.
|
| 00:42:05 | An operator lines up
the familiar image
of a dashboard instrument panel
against both sides
of the photoresist.
|
| 00:42:15 | Uv light is then exposed
onto the film.
|
| 00:42:18 | The light transfers the resist
through the transparent areas
of the film
and onto the metal sheet.
|
| 00:42:26 | >> The film
has now been exposed.
|
| 00:42:28 | The next thing we have to do
within a very short period
of time is develop the image.
|
| 00:42:39 | Now you can see the areas
that have been developed away
are bare metal.
|
| 00:42:44 | The photoresist is protecting
the rest of the sheet
from the acid.
|
| 00:42:50 | >> And that bare metal
will serve as a snack
for ferric chloride acid.
|
| 00:42:55 | The sheet is placed
onto a conveyor belt
which carries it
into a hermetically sealed
acid etching machine.
|
| 00:43:04 | As the sheet enters the machine,
a pair of 220 horsepower motors
pump acid
from a 300-gallon reservoir
through a series of nozzles
housed on a spray manifold.
|
| 00:43:16 | The acid exits the nozzles
at 60 pounds per square inch,
gradually eating through
the unprotected areas
on the sheet.
|
| 00:43:25 | After etching,
the photoresist is removed
and a sparkling
new instrument panel
is ready for your dashboard.
|
| 00:43:37 | Whether etching
an instrument panel
or your favorite tv show's logo,
the chlorine
and ferric chloride acid
gradually loses its potency.
|
| 00:43:49 | To extend its use,
fotofab spikes it
with hydrochloric acid,
"
>> muriatic acid by itself
in the form that we buy it
is extremely hazardous.
|
| 00:44:00 | It will do a very good job
of dissolving your skin
and do a lot of permanent injury
to people.
|
| 00:44:06 | Anyone doing the transfer
does have to wear
a full respirator,
full face shield,
and full gloves and apron
just because the stuff
is so nasty.
|
| 00:44:19 | >> During world war i,
soldiers learned first hand
about the dangers of inhaling
hydrochloric acid fumes.
|
| 00:44:28 | >> The battlefield gases
of world war i,
mustard gas and phosgene gas
turn into hydrochloric acid
in the mucus membranes
and the linings of the lung.
|
| 00:44:39 | The lungs respond
by trying to dilute that acid
to protect the tissues,
but in doing so,
the lung fills up with fluid
and very shortly,
the soldier's unable to breathe.
|
| 00:44:56 | >> In the acid etching process
both hydrochloric
and ferric acid fumes
are removed and cleaned
before being discharged
into the atmosphere.
|
| 00:45:07 | Although it carries
inherent dangers,
acid's unmatched precision
makes it a necessary evil
in manufacturing components
that make up
our fabricated world.
|
| 00:45:19 | While acid fumes can wreak havoc
on your eyes and lungs,
these steaming acid pools
are a tourist attraction.
|
| 00:45:28 | Within these
acidic bubbling springs,
scientists have discovered
mysterious life forms
that could revolutionize
future technology.
|
| 00:45:48 | "Acid" will return
"
deal
maps,
..
|
| 00:45:56 | Their story begins to fall apart.
|
| 00:45:58 | See, at&t let's you talk on the phone while
you surf the web.
|
| 00:46:02 | VERIZON...DOESN'T. [ clattering ]
At&t has the most popular smartphones
and the nation's fastest 3g network.
|
| 00:46:08 | ..doesn't.
|
| 00:46:10 | [ clattering ]
Glad that's cleared up.
|
| 00:46:14 | Oh, boy.
|
| 00:46:15 | [ Male Announcer ] AT&T.A BETTER 3G EXPERIENCE.
|
| 00:46:17 | Get an exclusive pantechmessaging phone free
after mail-in rebate,only from at&t.
|
| 00:46:23 | ♪
|
| 00:46:45 | serious passion, serioussavings, geico powersports.
|
| 00:48:27 | ..
|
| 00:48:31 | To apologize.
|
| 00:48:34 | The system has failed you.
|
| 00:48:37 | I have failed you.
|
| 00:48:39 | I have failed to help you
share your talent with theorld
when the world needs talent more than ever.
|
| 00:48:43 | ..
|
| 00:48:46 | By an educational system
steeped in tradition and old ideas.
|
| 00:48:51 | Well, it's time for a new tradition.
|
| 00:48:53 | It's time to realize talent isn't just in
schools
like this one, it's everywhere.
|
| 00:48:59 | It's time to use technology
to rewrite the rules of education,
to learn how you learn so we can teach you
better.
|
| 00:49:05 | It's time the university adapted to you,
rather than you adapting to it.
|
| 00:49:10 | It's time--time--time
for a different--different kind of university.
|
| 00:49:16 | It's your time.
|
| 00:49:45 | >> We now return to "acid"
"
steam rises.
|
| 00:49:56 | Pools of acid bubble and erupt.
|
| 00:50:00 | This desolate area
may be one of the most
inhospitable places
on the planet.
|
| 00:50:06 | But this rare vestige
of primordial earth
is a tourist attraction.
|
| 00:50:11 | We call it
yellowstone national park.
|
| 00:50:14 | Within these brilliantly colored
acid pools
reside potential workhorses
of industry.
|
| 00:50:21 | Yellowstone's acid pools
lie above a magma chamber.
|
| 00:50:27 | When water percolates
through the ground,
it mixes
with volcanic rock deposits,
becoming acic.
|
| 00:50:34 | The magma heats the water,
which rises back up,
forming acidic pools,
streams,
and geysers.
|
| 00:50:44 | Some of acidic hot springs here
impart and allure
that masks their danger.
|
| 00:50:49 | More people have died
in yellowstone
due to thermal pools
than from bear attacks.
|
| 00:50:54 | >> This particular pool
looks very inviting,
looks very much like a spa,
but in reality
it's high temperature,
it's acidic,
and this is not something that
you're gonna want to jump into.
|
| 00:51:08 | >> While yellowstone's
thermal pools will destroy
the cells
of most living creatures,
they're not completely void
of life.
|
| 00:51:16 | Residing in their scorching
acidic waters are colonies
of microbes
"
scientists brave
the dangerous waters to study
these ancient life forms.
|
| 00:51:28 | >> The gloves
are a basic safety precaution
because we don't know
what the ph and the temperature
of the water could be
so it could be potentially
hazardous to your skin.
|
| 00:51:39 | And for temperature, we read
about 45 degrees celsius
and ph of about 2.7.
|
| 00:51:49 | >> That's roughly 100 times
too acidic for fish to survive.
|
| 00:51:54 | >> What you see here
is a mat of an alga;
that's a eukaryotic alga,
and it's called "cyanidium,"
and it's uniquely adapted
to the acidic
high-temperature regions
of this particular spring.
|
| 00:52:06 | No other photosynthetic organism
is able to compete and survive
in those conditions.
|
| 00:52:13 | >> Thermoacidophiles
like cyanidium survive
in these extreme conditions
by generating special enzymes
that protect their cells
from decaying
in the super heated
acidic water.
|
| 00:52:26 | The discovery
of these unique enzymes
has ensured
that thermoacidophiles
won't be written off as simply
scientific curiosities.
|
| 00:52:35 | >> If a microorganism can live
at a very high temperature
or very low ph,
then it's not a large leap
to believe
that it's making enzymes
that can also survive
under those conditions,
and those same enzymes
may have application
in industrial processes.
|
| 00:52:52 | >> Yellowstone is only one
of several thermoacidophile
hotspots.
|
| 00:52:58 | So-called "bioprospectors"
search for specialized
thermoacidophile enzymes
in some of the most remote
places on earth.
|
| 00:53:06 | >> Among the places we've looked
for new enzymes
is in the microorganisms
that live at the bottom
of the deep ocean.
|
| 00:53:14 | In that location,
you have hot sulfurous gases,
hydrogen sulfide
belching through fissures
in the earth's crust
generating temperatures
up to 250 fahrenheit.
|
| 00:53:26 | >> Living in near boiling acid,
hyperthermophiles produce
an enzyme
that's being synthesized
to produce clean burning
ethanol fuel from corn.
|
| 00:53:36 | >> It works
on the starch molecule
to break it down
into smaller fragments,
and the conditions under which
the starch liquefaction
is carried out
are characteristically
high temperature and low ph.
|
| 00:53:49 | >> While
thermoacidophile enzymes
may one day help pioneer
a biological
industrial revolution,
their existence
also raises questions
about other extreme environments
where life may exist,
both here on earth
and throughout the solar system.
|
| 00:54:09 | From the steaming pools
of yellowstone
to the industrial processes
that mold our world,
acid is perhaps
the most ubiquitous chemical
on the planet.
|
| 00:54:19 | By taming its dangers,
mankind harnesses its gifts.
|
| 00:54:23 | Not bad for a substance
that leaves a sour taste
in your mouth.
|
| 00:54:27 | >> Ah, crap.
|
| 00:54:28 | >> Now you got
to drink it again.
|
| 00:54:29 | >> I know.
|
| 00:54:30 | Captioning performed bypeoplesupport transcription
& captioning
>> NARRATOR: Mechanical beasts
that prevent floods, deepen
waterways and build beaches.
|
| 00:54:41 | They cut, scoop, suck and spew
an ocean of mud, silt and sand.
|
| 00:54:49 | These serpents of slurry are
conjuring up new real estate and
changing the map of our world.
|
| 00:54:55 | Now, "Dredging" onModern
Marvels.
|
| 00:54:59 | Captioning sponsored by
A&e television networks
Dredging can be defined as "the
underwater excavation of soil or
rock."
Pretty simple... though getting
the job done is anything but.
|
| 00:55:28 | Dredges can make sand rain from
the sky, clear mud from the
biggest of rivers.
|
| 00:55:34 | They can cross continents and
transform underwater mountains
of silt into lush wildlife
habitat.
|
| 00:55:41 | Dredging can compress centuries
of geologic evolution into an
almost routine construction
project.
|
| 00:55:49 | Dredges come in two basic types.
|
| 00:55:52 | Mechanical dredges scoop
material from the water with
some type of container, while
hydraulic dredges act like giant
vacuum cleaners, sucking a
mixture of sand, rock and water
from the river, lake or ocean
bottom.
|
| 00:56:09 | Today's global economy relies on
mammoth-sized vessels to move
the world's cargo.
|
| 00:56:14 | Big ships need big water, and
that means dredging... big time.
|
| 00:56:21 | The basic unit of domestic and
international shipping is the
steel container.
|
| 00:56:26 | These 40-foot-long boxes are
filled with everything from
sneakers to Subarus and then
piled on top of monster-sized
ships.
|
| 00:56:36 | >> ROBERT E. RANDALL: What we're
finding is is that many of the
vessels that carry the
commodities-- oil, food, grain--
these type of vessels-- the
economics for the shippers tells
them to get larger, tells them
to get deeper draft.
|
| 00:56:53 | >> NARRATOR: "Draft" is the
depth of a ship below the
water's surface.
|
| 00:56:57 | Modern harbors are in a constant
scramble to keep their waterways
deep enough for the drafts of
modern container ships.
|
| 00:57:05 | >> STEVE DORRLER: This channel
right now is at 45 feet deep,
and based on the, uh, tremendous
import business that the United
States does, it's a lot less
expensive for the products to
come via, uh, larger container
ships.
|
| 00:57:21 | deeper draft.
|
| 00:57:24 | >> NARRATOR: In May 2005, the
ports of New York and New Jersey
began a joint ten-year, $1.6-
billion dollar project to deepen
the main shipping channels into
the harbor to 50 feet.
|
| 00:57:38 | :
This particular deepening
project is one of the top two,
uh, civil works projects in the
nation.
|
| 00:57:46 | One-third of the nation is
touched by the commerce that
comes through this port.
|
| 00:57:53 | >> NARRATOR: In the Kill Van
Kull section of the harbor, an
array of dynamite charges is
used to loosen the hard rock
below the surface.
|
| 00:58:03 | >> DORRLER: That fractures all
of the rock into maybe football-
size, basketball-size chunks,
and then a backhoe goes in and,
uh, lifts that material out.
|
| 00:58:15 | >> NARRATOR: But the largest
backhoe dredge in the world,
named theNew York,don't need
no stinkin' dynamite.
|
| 00:58:22 | >> CHRIS GUNSTEN: We're able to
dig rock that other machines
would ne to have blasted in
order for them to dig it.
|
| 00:58:28 | You see the bucket behind me.
|
| 00:58:29 | It's got the ability to cut into
a sheer face of rock and,
depending on the strength of
that rock, actually break it as
it goes along, thereby getting
rid of the need to have to do
the blasting.
|
| 00:58:40 | >> TONY ALANIZ: This bucket can
pick up up to 26 yards, and
once we got the whole load, the
boom, the stick, the bucket and
the material, we're picking up,
|
| 00:00:02 | It then falls
into a collection bin
looking more like peanut brittle
minus the peanuts,
than a deadly explosive.
|
| 00:00:14 | >> It can be impact sensitive,
but that would mean
taking a hammer
and putting it on a rock
and hitting it with a hammer,
that would be dangerous.
|
| 00:00:21 | But the way we handle it,
it is very stable product.
|
| 00:00:27 | >> In addition
to composition b-4,
holston also produces c-4;
a general purpose explosive
strong enough to blast
through a steel door.
|
| 00:00:37 | >> What we're gonna
be demonstrating today
is about 70 grams
of our product.
|
| 00:00:43 | >> The c-4 is packed
inside a 16-ounce cup
and placed on top
of a one quarter-inch thick
steel plate.
|
| 00:00:50 | >> Fire in the hole.
|
| 00:00:53 | And this is the demonstration
with a quarter-inch
bullet plate steel
after 70 grams of material.
|
| 00:01:02 | >> A closer look reveals
that the force of the explosion
imprinted the number "16"
from the cup
onto the steel plate.
|
| 00:01:15 | In nearly
every explosive cocktail,
most of it goes toward
the production
of ammonium nitrate fertilizer.
|
| 00:01:24 | makes
two-and-a-half million tons
every year.
|
| 00:01:28 | But even in fertilizer,
nitric acid's
explosive potential
never stays dormant.
|
| 00:01:33 | >> Ammonium nitrate
is a popular fertilizer,
but it can also be used
as an oxidizer for explosives.
|
| 00:01:40 | In that case,
it has to be mixed with a fuel,
in this case, powdered zinc.
|
| 00:01:46 | Just a little bit of water
will get it started.
|
| 00:01:51 | >> A simple drop of water
starts a chemical reaction
that ignites the mixture.
|
| 00:02:02 | In 1947,
nitric acid's volatility
triggered disaster.
|
| 00:02:08 | It happened
in texas city, texas.
|
| 00:02:13 | The port city
was nearly leveled
when a freighter packed
with ammonium nitrate fertilizer
exploded.
|
| 00:02:20 | >> In those days, it was unknown
what a violent explosive
ammonium nitrate could be.
|
| 00:02:25 | And so in the same cargo ship,
they had shipments
of small arm ammunition
and other flammable materials.
|
| 00:02:34 | Small arms ammunition
went off in a fire,
which then detonated
ammonium nitrate
to catastrophic results.
|
| 00:02:45 | >> 581 People were killed
and another 5,000 were injured.
|
| 00:02:55 | The texas city disaster
is considered
the worst industrial accident
in the history
of the united states.
|
| 00:03:05 | Although nitric acid
is a powerful chemical,
there's another acid
that's even stronger;
sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:03:14 | Roughly 40 million tons
is produced a year,
making it the leading chemical
manufactured
in the united states.
|
| 00:03:21 | >> Sulfuric acid is used
in such a wide variety
of industrial applications
that often,
a country's productivity
can be measured
in terms of the tons
of sulfuric acid
produced each year.
|
| 00:03:35 | >> Sulfuric acid is classified
as a strong acid
because it contains
a high concenttion
of hydrogen ions.
|
| 00:03:44 | The ph scale measures
the strength of an acid.
|
| 00:03:47 | Water,
which is a neutral liquid,
has a ph of seven.
|
| 00:03:52 | A ph with a number
greater than seven is a base,
while a ph with a number
less than seven is an acid.
|
| 00:03:59 | Each number less than neutral
contains 10 times
the hydrogen ions
of the next greater number.
|
| 00:04:05 | Therefore,
concentrated sulfuric acid,
which has a ph of one
is 100,000 times more acidic
than saliva,
which has a ph of six.
|
| 00:04:15 | As with all strong acids,
when sulfuric acid
generating heat.
|
| 00:04:24 | >> The heat
from the dissociation
is being absorbed
by a relatively small
amount of water
and the solution
is getting so hot
that it actually melts
the plastic cup
as well as the dropper,
and this is why
you don't want to add water
to acid.
|
| 00:04:44 | >> Besides being a strong acid,
sulfuric acid
is also highly corrosive
to most metals
including aluminum.
|
| 00:04:54 | >> I've got aluminum foil here
and sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:05:11 | The fog that's coming off here
is actually steam
that's being generated
as the reaction proceeds.
|
| 00:05:20 | None of the aluminum foil
remains.
|
| 00:05:27 | >> Sulfuric acid
is also a powerful dehydrator,
capable of drawing the moisture
out of substances such as sugar.
|
| 00:05:36 | >> What we're seeing here
after the sugar
has lost its water,
all that's left is carbon
and it rises out of the beaker
as a solid ash.
|
| 00:05:46 | >> If a single drop
of sulfuric acid
gets on your skin,
it will treat you
just like it does sugar,
by absorbing
the skin's moisture,
which in turn, generates heat.
|
| 00:05:56 | Not so sweet.
|
| 00:06:03 | In mulberry, florida,
the mosaic company
produces sulfuric acid
on a massive scale.
|
| 00:06:09 | If a drop is dangerous,
well, you do the math.
|
| 00:06:13 | >> We produce 35,000 tons a day
of sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:06:17 | If we were to put that
into perspective,
an average automobile
weighs about two tons.
|
| 00:06:22 | That would be like
17,000 automobiles
parked in the parking lot
every day.
|
| 00:06:27 | But sulfuric acid is used
in the petroleum industry,
bleaching industry,
pulp and paper industry.
|
| 00:06:34 | It is used to clean
the large vats
in beer production
so that each batch of beer
tastes the same
as it did previously.
|
| 00:06:44 | >> Regardless
of sulfuric acid's end use,
it begins with,
well, sulfur, of course.
|
| 00:06:52 | At mosaic,
it arrives by railcar.
|
| 00:06:55 | >> Sulfur is a solid state
at ambient temperatures.
|
| 00:06:59 | We have to heat it up
to approximately
270 degrees fahrenheit.
|
| 00:07:05 | >> Transforming molten sulfur
into sulfuric acid
starts by spraying it
through a sulfur gun
that expels it into a furnace.
|
| 00:07:15 | At 2,055 degrees fahrenheit,
the sulfur combusts with oxygen
to form sulfur dioxide gas.
|
| 00:07:23 | From there, the sulfur dioxide
travels to a converter.
|
| 00:07:28 | Combined with oxygen,
it passes through a catalyst
that gradually converts it
into sulfur trioxide.
|
| 00:07:35 | The sulfur trioxide
then enters an absorption tower
where it's combined with water
in a sulfuric acid solution
creating addition sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:07:45 | Since the reaction of water
and sulfuric acid produces heat,
the tower
is constantly monitored
and controlled.
|
| 00:07:55 | Mosaic circulates 40,000 gallons
of cold water per minute
to keep the tower operating
at a safe
and efficient temperature.
|
| 00:08:03 | >> We have a cooling system
here behind me.
|
| 00:08:06 | It's referred to
as a "cooling tower"
and it allows water to evaporate
and cool the water,
which is then recirculated
back to the plant
and used to cool the acid.
|
| 00:08:20 | >> After the sulfuric acid
is produced,
operators wearing
acid resistant suits
discharge it into trucks.
|
| 00:08:30 | The acid is then distributed
to various satellite plants
to make fertilizer.
|
| 00:08:38 | Although a powerful corrosive,
5 percent concentration,
sulfuric acid is powerless
against the stainless steel
enclosure of the truck.
|
| 00:08:50 | Whether you're transporting it
in an acid resistant metal cage
or handling it
in a protective acid suit,
keeping this corrosive chemical
off your body
is always a chief concern.
|
| 00:09:05 | But what exactly will acid do
to skin and bones?
|
| 00:09:09 | The answer will give you
some food for thought.
|
| 00:09:27 | "Acid" will return
"
..
|
| 00:09:32 | ..
|
| 00:09:33 | That built the extra space I needed
..
|
| 00:09:37 | That she sold to me
to make my menu more organic.
|
| 00:09:40 | Introducing ink from chase.
|
| 00:09:41 | The card that helpedmake it all happen
because it's accepted
in twice as manyplaces worldwide
as american express.
|
| 00:09:47 | With reward pointsworth 25% more
when redeemedfor air travel.
|
| 00:09:52 | Make your mark with ink.
|
| 00:09:55 | Go to chase.com/ink.
|
| 00:09:58 | Chase what matters.
|
| 00:10:13 | An accident doesn't
have to slow you down.
|
| 00:10:16 | From new car replacement
and guaranteed repairs
to accident forgiveness,
we do all we can
to help you move on.
|
| 00:10:23 | Liberty mutual
auto insurance.
|
| 00:10:25 | Responsibility.
|
| 00:10:27 | What'syourpolicy?
|
| 00:10:50 | 8 @
[music]
>> we now return to "acid"
"
while an acid's ability
to dissolve metal
is a simple rule of science,
in hollywood, flesh-eating acid
is a product of science fiction.
|
| 00:13:25 | So how long does it take
for acid to dissolve a body?
|
| 00:13:28 | [Screaming]
>> everyone wonders
what it would be like to fall
into a vat of acid.
|
| 00:13:36 | What I have here
is 37 percent hydrochloric acid,
which is as concentrated
as hydrochloric acid gets.
|
| 00:13:44 | As a standn for the body
I've got a hot dog
and a chicken bone.
|
| 00:13:50 | After six hours,
we're starting to see
some action.
|
| 00:13:55 | The bone is starting to get
rather floppy,
and the hot dog
has fallen to pieces.
|
| 00:14:06 | After nine hours, the hot dog
is nowhere to be found,
and thbone
is in pretty sad shape.
|
| 00:14:18 | So after nine hours
in hydrochloric acid,
your body is gonna be
completely disintegrated.
|
| 00:14:24 | Fortunately for you,
the fumes would've killed you
long before that.
|
| 00:14:29 | [Screaming]
>> hydrochloric acid,
albeit a dilute concentration,
is the same acid
the stomach makes
to dissolve food.
|
| 00:14:43 | It's also the acid
that's a key step in making
the ubiquitous substance,
gelatin; a tasteless protein
that puts the "jell" in jell-o.
|
| 00:14:53 | The eastman gelatin corporation
located
in peabody, massachusetts,
has been making gelatin
for nearly a century.
|
| 00:15:02 | Getting to the bare bones
of the process
starts with just that:
Bones.
|
| 00:15:09 | >> Each of the rail cars
that comes into the plant
contains about 200,000 pounds
of bone.
|
| 00:15:16 | The bone is being unloaded
from a rail car,
it goes through a sifter,
which has some screens
of different sizes,
and we move
the very fine material
we call "bone meal,"
the larger pieces of bone
go into a storage bin.
|
| 00:15:31 | >> Each bin holds
roughly 500,000 pounds of bone,
it's ready for a lift.
|
| 00:15:45 | An electric crane
glides over the bin,
scooping up 1,500 pounds
of bone and dumping it
into a vat.
|
| 00:16:00 | Is filled
with 33,000 pounds
of bone chips,
it's time to bring on the acid.
|
| 00:16:11 | >> We use hydrochloric acid
because it reacts
very effectively with the bone.
|
| 00:16:16 | The hydrochloric acid
is removing the minerals
from the bone.
|
| 00:16:19 | The minerals
are essentially the concrete
in the reinforced concrete.
|
| 00:16:23 | And we're reacting with that,
removing the minerals,
leaving behind the rebar.
|
| 00:16:27 | The rebar is the protein
which we're gonna make
the gelatin out of.
|
| 00:16:36 | >> It's a variable process
that requires
some old-school methods.
|
| 00:16:42 | A stick test helps determine
whether the bone is ready
for the next step.
|
| 00:16:47 | >> The bone that has been
demineralized is not as dense.
|
| 00:16:49 | The stick can push its way
down through it.
|
| 00:16:52 | So that's our way of telling
how much of the bone
has been demineralized.
|
| 00:16:59 | >> After the acid
demineralizes the bone,
the bone is transferred
to a lime bath.
|
| 00:17:06 | Here, lime finishes the job
of breaking down
the collagen proteins
that he been exposed
by the hydrochloric acid.
|
| 00:17:15 | The bone is then washed
and pumped
into an extraction vat
for gelatin removal.
|
| 00:17:23 | >> What I'm holding
in my hand here
is essentially what I call
"
so we've removed the minerals
to get the concrete
out of the way,
and what we're left with
is just the protein.
|
| 00:17:34 | >> The gelatin is extracted
in a hot water solution
and pumped through an extruder,
falling onto a conveyer
looking like
wet spaghetti noodles.
|
| 00:17:47 | >> What I'm holding
in my hand here
is 30 percent gelatin
and 70 percent water.
|
| 00:17:51 | As soon as you put it
in your mouth, it would melt,
and it has no flavor at all.
|
| 00:17:57 | >> The gelatin is then cooked
until it's bone-dry,
cut into granules,
boxed, and shipped.
|
| 00:18:07 | From this point on,
it can be used in a variety
of different products
including film emulsions,
pharmaceuticals,
golf balls,
and foods.
|
| 00:18:18 | "Bone" appetite.
|
| 00:18:22 | While gelatin's lack of flavor
makes it a valued food additive,
acid's sour flavor makes it
a prized food ingredient.
|
| 00:18:32 | >> Before me, I have a range
of acidic materials
that we consume every day.
|
| 00:18:36 | Oranges,
which contain citric acid,
will have a ph of about 3.8.
|
| 00:18:42 | Ginger ale,
which also contains citric acid,
has a ph of about three.
|
| 00:18:48 | A cola contains phosphoric acid,
and it's gonna be about 2.6.
|
| 00:18:54 | And finally,
we have red wine vinegar,
which is the most acidic
of these materials.
|
| 00:19:00 | And as with all acids,
vinegar haa wonderful--
sour taste.
|
| 00:19:12 | >> Vinegar is hardly deemed
a refreshing beverage,
but americans consume
more than six million tons of it
a year.
|
| 00:19:20 | One of the oldest and largest
commercial manufacturers
of vinegar is heinz.
|
| 00:19:27 | Here at the heinz plant
in holland, michigan,
making vinegar starts with
a whole lot of spirits.
|
| 00:19:33 | >> We get grain-source alcohol
made only from grain corn,
shipped to us
in 30,000-gallon rail cars,
and it comes in at 190 proof,
which is 95 percent alcohol.
|
| 00:19:49 | >> Considering that alcohol
is flammable at 100 proof,
you might
want to choose another spot
for a cigarette break.
|
| 00:19:57 | The alcohol is off-loaded
into a storage tank
and then pumped into a series
of 18,000-gallon mash tanks
where it's added to water,
5 percent
concentration.
|
| 00:20:14 | The next step is adding a mix
of nutrients to the mash
that will help promote
the growth of a little friend
that plays a big part
in making vinegar:
Acetobacter.
|
| 00:20:25 | >> Acetobacter
is a microorganism,
and the metabolism and growth
of that organism
is what facilitates
the oxidation of alcohol
to acetic acid.
|
| 00:20:38 | We must provide the nutrient
so that the bacteria
have sufficient nutrition
to grow.
|
| 00:20:46 | >> With the nutrients mixed,
the mash solution
is pumped to an acetator
where the final ingredient
needed to make vinegar is added:
Oxygen.
|
| 00:20:56 | Inside
the temperature-controlled
acetator, a propeller
spinning at 3,600 rpms
draws in oxygen
through a charcoal filter
and disperses it
throughout the solution.
|
| 00:21:08 | A healthy supply of o2
combined with the nutrients,
propagates the growth
of acetobacter.
|
| 00:21:15 | After 18 to 22 hours,
the acetobacter converts
5 percent alcohol
into 13.5 percent acetic acid.
|
| 00:21:27 | After the tank is discharged,
it's diluted further
to five percent acetic acid.
|
| 00:21:33 | A few flavoring ingredients
are added
and the acetic solution
is bottled as household vinegar.
|
| 00:21:39 | Because vinegar holds
an infinite shelf life,
it's been a prized
food preservative for centuries.
|
| 00:21:46 | But vinegar is only one
of a multitude
of vinegar-based products
made at heinz.
|
| 00:21:53 | Serving as an ingredient,
vinegar turns
the humble cucumber
into a pickle
and adds a sour flavor
to marinades,
salad dressings,
and ketchup.
|
| 00:22:07 | While heinz satisfies
our appetite for acidic food,
this green goo acidic brew
has an appetite for metal,
and it's about to be unleashed.
|
| 00:22:30 | "Acid" will return
" to run your businesses
more efficiently,
so we've brought in a team of experts to
help.
|
| 00:23:40 | One suggestion is to make your shipping more
efficient with
priority mail flat rate boxes from the postal
service.
|
| 00:23:46 | ..
|
| 00:23:49 | Actually, with flat rate boxes
you don't need to weigh anything under 70
pounds.
|
| 00:23:53 | If it fits, it shipsfor a low flat rate.
|
| 00:23:55 | Call or go online for a free flat rate box
shipping kit
that includes free boxes and our helpful
shipping guide.
|
| 00:24:01 | Do it today, and we'll ship it all right
to your door for free.
|
| 00:24:05 | Ok, but I ship allover the country.
|
| 00:24:07 | You can ship anywhere in thecountry for a
low flat rate.
|
| 00:24:10 | Ship international, too.
|
| 00:24:11 | And remember flat rate boxes come in four
sizes
and shipping starts at just $4.95.
|
| 00:24:17 | Call or go online for a free shipping kit
with a full
supply of free boxes, plus the shipping guide.
|
| 00:24:22 | Act now, and you'll get them all delivered
right to your business free of charge.
|
| 00:24:26 | Priority mail flat rate boxesonly from the
postal service.
|
| 00:24:31 | A simpler way to ship.
|
| 00:24:32 | Call or go online now to get started.
|
| 00:26:06 | Bull market or bear,
traders are always hungry for ideas.
|
| 00:26:09 | Trading's all about strategy.
|
| 00:26:11 | ..
|
| 00:26:12 | Is all about information.
|
| 00:26:13 | Heat mapping shows me
where the money's moving.
|
| 00:26:16 | ..
|
| 00:26:17 | One quick glance.
|
| 00:26:18 | That's where the action is.
|
| 00:26:19 | Look at this, pattern matcher.
|
| 00:26:21 | Pattern matcher spots technical
patterns automatically.
|
| 00:26:24 | It's like pattern radar.
|
| 00:26:27 | Td ameritrade.
|
| 00:26:28 | Built by traders, for traders.
|
| 00:26:30 | This is what I need.
|
| 00:26:31 | Announcer: Trade commission free for 30 days,
plus get 100 dollars cash, when you open
an account.
|
| 00:26:38 | >> We now return to "acid"
"
it envelops
marvels of engineering.
|
| 00:26:52 | Yet, before it embodies
its signature sheen,
it can appear dull and porous.
|
| 00:26:58 | But soak it
in a corrosive cocktail
of strong acid,
hit it with a jolt
of electricity,
and you've got a recipe
that'll take the stain
right out of steel.
|
| 00:27:10 | The process is called
"
but while stainless steel
is aesthetically pleasing,
it's also corrosion-resistant.
|
| 00:27:20 | Making it that way is a process
"
>> passivation is the definition
of removing impurities
and making
the stainless steel clean,
like sterile.
|
| 00:27:29 | However, sterile is defined
and only temporary,
like a band-aid.
|
| 00:27:33 | It's sterile until you unwrap
the package.
|
| 00:27:34 | Passivation is defined
as permanently sterile.
|
| 00:27:39 | >> Although just 21 years old,
dustin colina owns
one of the largest
electropolishing companies
in the southeast united states;
allbright electropolishing.
|
| 00:27:50 | By passivating stainless steel,
allbright provides
an essential tool
for any industry
that demands sterilization,
even the tattoo industry.
|
| 00:27:58 | >> Right here,
we have tattoo tips.
|
| 00:28:00 | It looks dull right now
because it's been machined.
|
| 00:28:02 | Electropolishing will make it
shiny and clean.
|
| 00:28:07 | >> Electropolishing tips
for tattoo guns starts
with carefully placing them
on a rack of razor-sharp spikes.
|
| 00:28:14 | >> We call this a "ninja tree,"
and as you can see,
we just kind of
pinch these together
and put smaller parts on here.
|
| 00:28:20 | These are obviously
pretty sharp.
|
| 00:28:21 | If you make any sudden movements
and you're not aware
that it's there,
it can hurt you pretty bad.
|
| 00:28:28 | >> Although not as dangerous
as working around
a 900-gallon tank
of concentrated acid,
racking tattoo tips
is a close second.
|
| 00:28:36 | >> You'll get going pretty fast
and the next thing you know,
you turn around
and you got your elbow stuck
to one of these.
|
| 00:28:43 | >> After the tattoo tips
are placed on the ninja tree,
operators begin
the up-and-down procession
of electropolishing.
|
| 00:28:51 | >> The first step
is what we call
"
diox cleaner is used to remove
the organics from the part:
Oils, grease,
weld discoloration.
|
| 00:29:04 | Once it's out
of that diox cleaner,
it goes into
our electropolishing baths.
|
| 00:29:11 | >> Stored inside
a plastic-lined,
900-gallon tank,
is a mixture
of sulfuric and phosphoric acid.
|
| 00:29:20 | If you fell into it,
it would burn you severely,
but it's the key ingredient
behind allbright's
electropolishing prowess.
|
| 00:29:27 | >> The viscosity
is almost the same as milk,
but it's actually green.
|
| 00:29:30 | So our rule is, if it's green,
don't touch it.
|
| 00:29:32 | Now to demonstrate
the concentration of this acid,
what I'm gonna do now
is pour in a base
and show you
how violently it reacts.
|
| 00:29:49 | That's some strong --
>> during electropolishing,
two copper bars,
one holding
stainless steel parts
and the other holding
a series of copper plates,
are immersed at opposite ends
of the acid tank.
|
| 00:30:06 | A 20-volt dc current
passes through the acid,
which acts as an electrolyte
to distribute electricity
through the tank.
|
| 00:30:15 | As electricity flows
through the bars,
an ionic charge
microscopically etches
the metal,
exposing a layer of chromium
in the alloy.
|
| 00:30:25 | The acid reacts
with the chromium
to form a protective layer
of chromium oxide
passivates
the stainless steel.
|
| 00:30:32 | >> Here's an example
of the tattoo tips
that we had before we ran it
in the electropolishing.
|
| 00:30:37 | And after the process,
you can see
the dramatic difference
in the shine;
the luster of the parts.
|
| 00:30:40 | So not only does it look great,
but it has the very important
properties of passivation;
keeping it clean.
|
| 00:30:48 | >> Allbright houses
one of the largest acid tanks
in america.
|
| 00:30:51 | And while allbright's acid
is green,
so is its method
of recycling it.
|
| 00:30:56 | >> What we add is a chemical
called pro-phx.
|
| 00:30:58 | Now, it may smell
like dead fish,
but it actually does
serve a great purpose.
|
| 00:31:02 | What it does
is when we introduce it
into our acids of sulfuric
and phosphoric acids,
it actually separates
all the metal salts
from electropolishing.
|
| 00:31:11 | And what it does
is it solidifies
those metal salts
so that it can be sucked
into our filters,
then removed, thus,
cleaning our acid baths.
|
| 00:31:19 | >> While allbright has found
a way to recycle its acid,
heraeus metal processing
in santa fe springs, california,
uses acid to recycle gold,
silver, and platinum
from spent parts
that would otherwise
be cast away.
|
| 00:31:37 | >> What we do here at heraeus
is hydro metallurgy
at its finest, using acids.
|
| 00:31:41 | This plant facility here
will produce
over one million troy ounces
per year,
precious metals
from various recycling
and recovery operations.
|
| 00:31:51 | >> Since the metal retains
its purity and value,
it can be reused to manufacture
more of the same parts
from which it was recycled.
|
| 00:32:01 | Most of the precious metal
heraeus recovers is platinum.
|
| 00:32:04 | >> The general public
would not be aware
on how many aspects
of their modern life
are impacted by platinum
in production.
|
| 00:32:11 | Literally, 100 percent
of all gasoline and all jet fuel
in the world is manufactured
using a platinum
and, in many cases,
a palladium catalyst.
|
| 00:32:21 | >> But recovering
those trace amounts of platinum
from spent catalysts,
equates to searching
for a very small needle
in a very large haystack.
|
| 00:32:29 | >> Normal average
reforming catalyst will contain
3 weight percent
of platinum content per pound
of actual catalyst.
|
| 00:32:38 | So in this drum, for example,
we have approximately 400 pounds
OF CATALYST AT A 3/10ths
Of a percent platinum content,
using today's
precious metal value.
|
| 00:32:49 | This drum holds
approximately $24,000
worth of platinum.
|
| 00:32:58 | >> Isolating the platinum
7 percent
of unwanted material
starts with removing
oversized debris.
|
| 00:33:07 | After the catalyst is screened,
it's fed into a tank
of sulfuric acid.
|
| 00:33:13 | >> The sulfuric acid
will completely dissolve
the aluminous substrate
but completely leaves
the platinum untouched.
|
| 00:33:20 | The platinum is then a solid
at the bottom of the tank.
|
| 00:33:23 | >> The solid is then sent
to the general refinery area
at heraeus's
where the last remaining
impurities must be removed.
|
| 00:33:31 | >> It is sort of like solving
a mystery.
|
| 00:33:33 | You have to eliminate
all the suspects;
the chrome, and the nickel,
and the other things
to make sure that you have
a purer product.
|
| 00:33:40 | >> The chemical employed
to unravel the mystery
is a mixture of strong acids,
which forms
the only acid cocktail
capable of dissolving
precious metal; aqua regia.
|
| 00:33:53 | Medieval alchemists believed
aqua regia presaged an even more
wondrous substance,
one that would turn
inexpensive metals into gold;
the philosopher's stone.
|
| 00:34:03 | The elusive substance
is still waiting
to be discovered.
|
| 00:34:08 | >> Well, if you mix
hydrochloric acid
and nitric acid
in the right ratio,
you will generate aqua regia.
|
| 00:34:14 | And I can show this,
for example,
with a little bit of copper,
which is precious by itself
as well,
not as precious as platinum,
for example,
but you can see this
when I drop this
into hydrochloric acid,
there's not a lot of stuff
happening here.
|
| 00:34:28 | But as soon as you add
the nitric acid,
you will see a change.
|
| 00:34:36 | Our goal with this aqua regia
to bring everything in solution
in order to apply
our separation techniques.
|
| 00:34:44 | >> During separation,
the pure platinum metal
at this stage,
looks more like cheese sauce
than a precious metal.
|
| 00:34:50 | >> Well, to me, this--
this is beautiful material,
it's nice brilliant yellow.
|
| 00:34:55 | What's in this vat right now
represents about
three million dollars worth
of pure platinum.
|
| 00:35:01 | >> In the end,
the platinum emerges in the form
of a sponge.
|
| 00:35:05 | >> This is platinum sponge.
|
| 00:35:07 | To the average lay person
coming across material
like this,
they would call for the janitor
and have it swept up
and thrown away.
|
| 00:35:14 | To us, this is platinum
and this is worth
over $1,250 per ounce
in today's market.
|
| 00:35:22 | >> Acid helps heraeus recycle
over 62,000 pounds
of precious metal a year.
|
| 00:35:29 | But perhaps more importantly,
acid helps stabilize
the market price of these vital,
yet finite materials.
|
| 00:35:39 | While acid's corrosive power
makes it a tool of industry,
its vapors were once used
as a tool of war.
|
| 00:35:47 | And the same acid
that wreaked havoc
in the trenches of world war i
now helps fabricate
a myriad of products
we can't live without.
|
| 00:36:02 | "Acid" will return
wanted to get
myself a new cell phone ♪♪
|
| 00:36:38 | ♪♪ so I could hear myself as a ringtone ♪♪
|
| 00:36:40 | ♪♪ who knew the store would go and check
my credit score ♪♪
|
| 00:36:43 | ♪♪ now all they let me have is this dinosaur
♪♪
|
| 00:36:46 | ♪♪ hello hello hello can anybody hear me?
|
| 00:36:46 | ♪♪
|
| 00:36:49 | ♪♪ I know I know I know I shoulda gone to
♪♪
|
| 00:36:52 | ♪♪
|
| 00:36:55 | coulda got
♪♪
|
| 00:36:58 | ♪♪ ♪♪
|
| 00:37:01 | free credit score and report with enrollment
in triple advantage.
|
| 00:37:07 | Crime in new york city has dropped 27% since
20
..
|
| 00:37:11 | ...Have been cut by 25%.
|
| 00:37:13 | ..
|
| 00:37:16 | ...And safer.
|
| 00:37:16 | ..
|
| 00:37:18 | ...Data is generated.
|
| 00:37:19 | ..
|
| 00:37:21 | .. flu outbreaks...
|
| 00:37:22 | ...By capturing the data.
|
| 00:37:23 | Detecting the patterns.
|
| 00:37:25 | Sharing it across departments.
|
| 00:37:26 | ...Responding to emergencies...
|
| 00:37:28 | ...Even preventing them.
|
| 00:37:29 | Making cities safer.
|
| 00:37:30 | That's what I'm working on.
|
| 00:37:32 | I'M AN IBMer.
|
| 00:37:33 | Let's build a smarter planet.
|
| 00:39:54 | >> We now return to "acid"
"
one of acid's
most distinctive traits
is its ability
to dissolve metal.
|
| 00:40:09 | Just ask ripley.
|
| 00:40:13 | But acid's can have
a finicky palette when it comes
to digesting it.
|
| 00:40:17 | >> Since 1983, american pennies
have actually been made
out of zinc,
which you can see if you file
the copper plating away.
|
| 00:40:26 | What I've got here are pennies
thatre filed away on one side
to expose the zinc,
while on the other side
they remain copper.
|
| 00:40:37 | >> While nitric acid dissolves
the entire penny,
the hydrochloric acid
only absorbs the zinc.
|
| 00:40:44 | >> But in the nitric acid
beaker, there's nothing left
of the penny.
|
| 00:40:49 | While in the hydrochloric acid,
it appears
that the penny remains.
|
| 00:40:53 | But this is only
the thin copper shell
from one side of the penny.
|
| 00:40:57 | The remnant of the penny
is paper thin.
|
| 00:41:04 | >> Fotofab, based in chicago,
haesses the largely
indiscriminate appetite
of ferric chloride acid
to etch a wide assortment
of metal.
|
| 00:41:14 | From cell phone motherboards
to radio frequency shields
to ultra-fine filters,
acid etched parts
typically work
behind the scenes.
|
| 00:41:24 | Others are right
in front of your face,
like your
dashboard instrument panel.
|
| 00:41:30 | Etching metal takes
some pretty nasty acid,
but it starts with making
the metal acid-resistant.
|
| 00:41:39 | >> We take the sheets of metal
that we've cleaned,
laminate them with photoresist,
which is a light sensitive
acid-resistant polymer.
|
| 00:41:47 | We apply it at 35 pounds
per square inch of pressure
between two rubber rollers
at about 220 degrees fahrenheit,
and it bonds very nicely
with the metal.
|
| 00:41:58 | >> Coated with a blue
translucent polymer,
the metal sheet is ready
to have its picture taken.
|
| 00:42:06 | An operator lines up
the familiar image
of a dashboard instrument panel
against both sides
of the photoresist.
|
| 00:42:16 | Uv light is then exposed
onto the film.
|
| 00:42:19 | The light transfers the resist
through the transparent areas
of the film
and onto the metal sheet.
|
| 00:42:27 | >> The film
has now been exposed.
|
| 00:42:29 | The next thing we have to do
within a very short period
of time is develop the image.
|
| 00:42:40 | Now you can see the areas
that have been developed away
are bare metal.
|
| 00:42:45 | The photoresist is protecting
the rest of the sheet
from the acid.
|
| 00:42:51 | >> And that bare metal
will serve as a snack
for ferric chloride acid.
|
| 00:42:56 | The sheet is placed
onto a conveyor belt
which carries it
into a hermetically sealed
acid etching machine.
|
| 00:43:05 | As the sheet enters the machine,
a pair of 220 horsepower motors
pump acid
from a 300-gallon reservoir
through a series of nozzles
housed on a spray manifold.
|
| 00:43:17 | The acid exits the nozzles
at 60 pounds per square inch,
gradually eating through
the unprotected areas
on the sheet.
|
| 00:43:26 | After etching,
the photoresist is removed
and a sparkling
new instrument panel
is ready for your dashboard.
|
| 00:43:38 | Whether etching
an instrument panel
or your favorite tv show's logo,
the chlorine
and ferric chloride acid
gradually loses its potency.
|
| 00:43:50 | To extend its use,
fotofab spikes it
with hydrochloric acid,
"
>> muriatic acid by itself
in the form that we buy it
is extremely hazardous.
|
| 00:44:01 | It will do aery good job
of dissolving your skin
and do a lot of permanent injury
to people.
|
| 00:44:07 | Anyone doi the transfer
does have to wear
a full respirator,
full face shield,
and full gloves and apron
just because the stuff
is so nasty.
|
| 00:44:20 | >> During world war i,
soldiers learned first hand
about the dangers of inhaling
hydrochloric acid fumes.
|
| 00:44:29 | >> The battlefield gases
of world war i,
mustard gas and phosgene gas
turn into hydrochloric acid
in the mucus membranes
and the linings of the lung.
|
| 00:44:40 | The lungs respond
by trying to dute that acid
to protect the tissues,
but in doing so,
the lung fills up with fluid
and very shortly,
the soldier's unable to breathe.
|
| 00:44:57 | >> In the acid etching process,
both hydrochloric
and ferric acid fumes
are removed and cleaned
before being discharged
into the atmosphere.
|
| 00:45:08 | Although it carries
inherent dangers,
acid's unmatched precision
makes it a necessary evil
in manufacturing components
that make up
our fabricated world.
|
| 00:45:20 | While acid fumes can wreak havoc
on your eyes and lungs,
these steaming acid pools
are a tourist attraction.
|
| 00:45:29 | Within these
acidic bubbling springs,
scientists have discovered
mysterious life forms
that could revolutionize
future technology.
|
| 00:45:49 | "Acid" will return
"
deal
maps,
..
|
| 00:45:57 | Their story begins to fall apart.
|
| 00:45:59 | See, at&t let's you talk on the phone while
you surf the web.
|
| 00:46:03 | VERIZON...DOESN'T. [ clattering ]
At&t has the most popular smartphones
and the nation's fastest 3g network.
|
| 00:46:09 | ..doesn't.
|
| 00:46:11 | [ clattering ]
Glad that's cleared up.
|
| 00:46:15 | Oh, boy.
|
| 00:46:16 | [ Male Announcer ] AT&T.A BETTER 3G EXPERIENCE.
|
| 00:46:18 | Get an exclusive pantechmessaging phone free
after mail-in rebate,only from at&t.
|
| 00:46:24 | ♪
|
| 00:46:46 | serious passion, serioussavings, geico powersports.
|
| 00:48:28 | ..
|
| 00:48:31 | To apologize.
|
| 00:48:35 | The system has failed you.
|
| 00:48:38 | I have failed you.
|
| 00:48:40 | I have failed to help you
share your talent with the world
when the world needs talent more than ever.
|
| 00:48:44 | ..
|
| 00:48:47 | By an educational system
steeped in tradition and old ideas.
|
| 00:48:52 | Well, it'time for a new tradition.
|
| 00:48:54 | It's time to realize talent isn't just in
schools
like this one, it's everywhere.
|
| 00:49:00 | It's time to use technology
to rewrite the rules of education,
to learn how you learn so we can teach you
better.
|
| 00:49:06 | It's time the university adapted to you,
rather than you adapting to it.
|
| 00:49:11 | It's time--time--time
for a different--different kind of university.
|
| 00:49:17 | It's your time.
|
| 00:49:46 | >> We now return to "acid"
"
steam rises.
|
| 00:49:57 | Pools of acid bubble and erupt.
|
| 00:50:01 | This desolate area
may be one of the most
inhospitable places
on the planet.
|
| 00:50:07 | But this rare vestige
of primordial earth
is a tourist attraction.
|
| 00:50:12 | We call it
yellowstone national park.
|
| 00:50:15 | Within these brilliantly colored
acid pools
reside potential workhorses
of industry.
|
| 00:50:22 | Yellowstone's acid pools
lie above a magma chamber.
|
| 00:50:28 | When water percolates
through the ground,
it mixes
with volcanic rock deposits,
becoming acidic.
|
| 00:50:35 | The magma heats the water,
which rises back up,
forming acidic pools,
streams,
and geysers.
|
| 00:50:45 | Some of acidic hot springs here
impart and allure
that masks their danger.
|
| 00:50:50 | More people have died
in yellowstone
due to thermal pools
than from bear attacks.
|
| 00:50:55 | >> This particular pool
looks very inviting,
looks very much like a spa,
but in reality
it's high temperature,
it's acidic,
and this is not something that
you're gonna want to jump into.
|
| 00:51:09 | >> While yellowstone's
thermal pools will destroy
the cells
of most living creatures,
they're not completely void
of le.
|
| 00:51:17 | Residing in their scorching
acidic waters are colonies
of microbes
"
scientists brave
the dangerous waters to study
these ancient life forms.
|
| 00:51:29 | >> The gloves
are a basic safety precaution
because we don't know
what the ph and the temperature
of the water could be
so it could be potentially
hazardous to your skin.
|
| 00:51:40 | And for temperature, we read
about 45 degrees celsius
and ph of about 2.7.
|
| 00:51:50 | >> That's roughly 100 times
too acidic for fish to survive.
|
| 00:51:55 | >> What you see here
is a mat of an alga;
that's a eukaryotic alga,
and it's called "cyanidium,"
and it's uniquely adapted
to the acidic
high-temperature regions
of this particular spring.
|
| 00:52:07 | No other photosynthetic organism
is able to compete and survive
in those conditions.
|
| 00:52:14 | >> Thermoacidophiles
like cyanidium survive
in these extreme conditions
by generating special enzymes
that protect their cells
from decaying in the super heated
acidic water.
|
| 00:52:27 | The discovery
of these unique enzymes
has ensured
that thermoacidophiles
won't be written off as simply
scientific curiosities.
|
| 00:52:36 | >> If a microorganism can live
at a very high temperature
or very low ph,
then it's not a large leap
to believe
that it's making enzymes
that can also survive
under those conditions,
and those same enzymes
may have application
in industrial processes.
|
| 00:52:53 | >> Yellowstone is only one
of several thermoacidophile
hotspots.
|
| 00:52:59 | So-called "bioprospectors"
search for specialized
thermoacidophile enzymes
in some of the most remote
places on earth.
|
| 00:53:07 | >> Among the places we've looked
for new enzymes
is in the microorganisms
that live at the bottom
of the deep ocean.
|
| 00:53:15 | In that location,
you have hot sulfurous gases,
hydrogen sulfide
belching through fissures
in the earth's crust
generating temperatures
up to 250 fahrenheit.
|
| 00:53:27 | >> Living in near boiling acid,
hyperthermophiles produce
an enzyme
that's being synthesized
to produce clean burning
ethanol fuel from corn.
|
| 00:53:37 | >> It works
on the starch molecule
to break it down
into smaller fragments,
and the conditions under which
the starch liquefaction
is carried out
are characteristically
high temperature and low ph.
|
| 00:53:50 | >> While
thermoacidophile enzymes
may one day help pioneer
a biological
industrial revolution,
their existence
also raises questions
about other extreme environments
where life may exist,
both here on earth
and throughout the solar system.
|
| 00:54:09 | From the steaming pools
of yellowstone
to the industrial processe
that mold our world,
acid is perhaps
the most ubiquitous chemical
on the planet.
|
| 00:54:20 | By taming its dangers,
mankind harnesses its gifts.
|
| 00:54:24 | Not bad for a substance
that leaves a sour taste
in your mouth.
|
| 00:54:28 | >> Ah, crap.
|
| 00:54:29 | >> Now you got
to drink it again.
|
| 00:54:30 | >> I know.
|
| 00:54:31 | Captioning performed bypeoplesupport transcription
& captioning
>> NARRATOR: Mechanical beasts
that prevent floods, deepen
waterways and build beaches.
|
| 00:54:42 | They cut, scoop, suck and spew
an ocean of mud, silt and sand.
|
| 00:54:50 | These serpents of slurry are
conjuring up new real estate and
changing the map of our world.
|
| 00:54:56 | Now, "Dredging" onModern
Marvels.
|
| 00:55:00 | Captioning sponsored by
A&e television networks
Dredging can be defined as "the
underwater excation of soil or
rock."
Pretty simple... though getting
the job done is anything but.
|
| 00:55:29 | Dredges can make sand rain from
the sky, clear mud from the
biggest of rivers.
|
| 00:55:35 | They can cross continents and
transform underwater mountains
of silt into lush wildlife
habitat.
|
| 00:55:42 | Dredging can compress centuries
of geologic evolution into an
almost routine construction
project.
|
| 00:55:50 | Dredges come in two basic types.
|
| 00:55:53 | Mechanical dredges scoop
material from the water with
some type of container, while
hydraulic dredges act like giant
vacuum cleaners, sucking a
mixture of sand, rock and water
from the river, lake or ocean
bottom.
|
| 00:56:10 | Today's global economy relies on
mammoth-sized vessels to move
the world's cargo.
|
| 00:56:15 | Big ships need big water, and
that means dredging... big time.
|
| 00:56:22 | The basic unit of domestic and
international shipping is the
steel container.
|
| 00:56:27 | These 40-foot-long boxes are
filled with everything from
sneakers to Subarus and then
piled on top of monster-sized
ships.
|
| 00:56:37 | >> ROBERT E. RANDALL: What we're
finding is is that many of the
vessels that carry the
commodities-- oil, food, grain--
these type of vessels-- the
economics for the shippers tells
them to get larger, tells them
to get deeper draft.
|
| 00:56:54 | >> NARRATOR: "Draft" is the
depth of a ship below the
water's surface.
|
| 00:56:58 | Modern harbors are in a constant
scramble to keep their waterways
deep enough for the drafts of
modern container ships.
|
| 00:57:06 | >> STEVE DORRLER: This channel
right now is at 45 feet deep,
and based on the, uh, tremendous
import business that the United
States does, it's a lot less
expensive for the products to
come via, uh, larger container
ships.
|
| 00:57:21 | Larger container ships means
deeper draft.
|
| 00:57:25 | >> NARRATOR: In May 2005, the
ports of New York and New Jersey
began a joint ten-year, $1.6-
billion dollar project to deepen
the mainhipping channels into
the harbor to 50 feet.
|
| 00:57:39 | :
This particular deepening
project is one of the top two,
uh, civil works projects in the
nation.
|
| 00:57:47 | One-third of the nation is
touched by the commerce that
comes through this port.
|
| 00:57:54 | >> NARRATOR: In the Kill Van
Kull section of the harbor, an
array of dynamite charges is
used to loosen the hard rock
below the surface.
|
| 00:58:04 | >> DORRLER: That fractures all
of the rock into maybe football-
size, basketball-size chunks,
and then a backhoe goes in and,
uh, lifts that material out.
|
| 00:58:16 | >> NARRATOR: But the largest
backhoe dredge in the world,
named theNew York,don't need
no stinkin' dynamite.
|
| 00:58:23 | >> CHRIS GUNSTEN: We're able to
dig rock that other machines
would need to have blasted in
order for them to dig it.
|
| 00:58:29 | You see the bucket behind me.
|
| 00:58:30 | It's got the ability to cut into
a sheer face of rock and,
depending on the strength of
that rock, actually break it as
it goes along, thereby getting
rid of the need to have to do
the blasting.
|
| 00:58:41 | >> TONY ALANIZ: This bucket can
pick up up to 26 yards, and
once we got the whole load, the
boom, the stick, the bucket and
the material, we're picking up,
|
-2010-01-14-1/0_modern marvels-(acid)-2010-01-14-1.jpg)
-2010-01-14-1/1_modern marvels-(acid)-2010-01-14-1.jpg)
-2010-01-14-1/2_modern marvels-(acid)-2010-01-14-1.jpg)
-2010-01-14-1/3_modern marvels-(acid)-2010-01-14-1.jpg)
-2010-01-14-1/4_modern marvels-(acid)-2010-01-14-1.jpg)
-2010-01-14-1/5_modern marvels-(acid)-2010-01-14-1.jpg)
-2010-01-14-1/6_modern marvels-(acid)-2010-01-14-1.jpg)
-2010-01-14-1/7_modern marvels-(acid)-2010-01-14-1.jpg)
